Surprising reversal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Surprising reversal - Essay Example This plan is supposed to take care of the soldiers’ children in times of deployment. Many a time, this does not work the way it is supposed to. Often a soldier has to assign temporary guardianship to a relative. Soldiers are also sent back home to reconstruct a new FCP, because the previous one has failed and the time a soldier gets to complete this task is just not enough for such an important exercise. FCPs are something that soldiers need time to put together. This is not a task to be taken lightly. It takes a lot of time, thought and effort to put together an effective Family Care Plan. Instead the military gives only thirty days for them to find someone to entrust their loved ones. FCP helps the military maintain its level of readiness for deployment. On the face of it, it is a deceptively simple exercise but from the soldier’s point of view, it is a rigorous task that is not easily completed by a long shot. There are several factors that must be addressed when imp lementing the FCP. The ‘person of choice’ to entrust children is to me, the biggest choice a soldier has to make. Someone that appeared to be a prime candidate might have issues/flaws that would keep that person from being able to take care of the soldiers’ loved ones. ... The soldier found herself charged with desertion, which is a very high wartime crime. If it had not been for the local media in her home town, this soldier might have even been convicted. FCP exercises are hard to complete and most of the time, they don’t even hold up. Everything is documented and placed into the soldiers’ files. Everyone knows that deployments come and go, but no one knows when. Knowing when and where a soldier will be deployed is one thing, but not everything goes according to how it was planned. When the time came for me to activate my FCP in which I named my mother as the preferred guardian, she was ill with cancer – an unforeseen factor. She was unable to provide the necessary care to my children due to her illness. When I tried to get one of my sisters to take my mother’s place in my FCP, I was unsuccessful; she had marriage issues that she was dealing with at the time, which made her not a very good candidate for the job of care of my two boys. Such unforeseen factors reduce the efficacy of FCPs. I was separated from the armed forces recently, in March of 2009 for a collapse of my FCP. Of course, I was honorably discharged. In conclusion, despite the military’s best intentions and beliefs, FCPs are not what they appear to be. They have been known to trap soldiers into legally binding contracts, which in some cases are not in the best interest of either the soldiers or their families. On the other hand, FCPs appear to have been designed to free soldiers from any obligation that they might have, so that the military does not have to lose them from its deployment readiness. Reference Engler, A. (2011). â€Å"Deployed military parents: Choosing custody or duty†. Good Housekeeping, April 3, 2011. Available

Write a brief critique of the response of UK governments to the UN Essay

Write a brief critique of the response of UK governments to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child - Essay Example The UK government’s first report declared that no change was required in the active legislation in the UK since the provisions of the convention are already covered (UK First Report to UN, 1994). The UK Government has achieved a high standard in some of the areas of work that the convention recommended. The UN has recognized that the Human Rights Act of 1998 had included some of the aspects of the children in it and this is in line with the needs of the convention. Some of the other legislative steps such as Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, race relations legislation did move the country legislatively forward in this area. The Children and Young People’s Unit in England, the abolition of corporal punishment in the UK and the promotion of children’s rights in all those countries where the UK provides aid, all add to the implementation of the convention directions successfully. The standard of these implementations have been found to be substantially good and recommended by the UN. There are areas where the UK government steps were satisfactory though improvement has to be done. In the legislative front, the changes done in the Human rights Act is not covering all the needs of the children explicitly. The legislation for children and youth is not prioritizing the needs of the children correctly and therefore, is losing focus. The resources spent for the purpose of the children should be clearly specified and allocated for the purpose. A wide and sweeping allocation that maximum resources are allocated would not serve the purpose, says the UN report on the UK. Apart from this, structuring the entire process and therefore, making an effective ‘delivery’ of the program is very important. This includes providing appropriate training and education. There are number of areas which the UN felt that the UK government is yet to meet satisfactorily level. Some of the

Managing financial resources and decisions JS and CO

Managing financial resources and decisions JS and CO JS and co is a medium sized retailer formed by two partners, James and Sainsbury, who are running it in the UK since 1869. The retailer specializes in quality food products but it sells other non-food products as well. This company got very good success in the market from the past three years. During this discussion we are going to discuss about this company sources of finance, finance as a source, financial decisions, and financial performance. The broad view of this company in our discussion: P1 (sources of Finance) P2 (Finance as a resource) P3 (Financial decisions) P4 (Financial performance) P1 (SOURCES OF FINANCE) IDENTIFY THE SOURCES OF FINANCE AVAILABLE TO THE BUSINESS When a company is growing rapidly, for example when contemplating investment in capital equipment, its current financial resources may be inadequate. Few growing companies are able to finance their expansion plans from cash flow alone. They will therefore need to consider raising finance from other external sources. In addition, managers who are looking to buy-in to a business or buy-out a business from its owners may not have the resources to acquire the company. They will need to raise finance to achieve their objectives. There are a number of potential sources of finance to meet the needs of a growing business Existing shareholders and directors funds Business angels Clearing banks (overdrafts, short or medium term loans) Factoring and invoice discounting Hire purchase and leasing Venture capital A key consideration in choosing the source of new business finance is to strike a balance between equity and debt to ensure the funding structure suits the business. The main differences between borrowed money (debt) and equity are that bankers request interest payments and capital repayments, and the borrowed money is usually secured on business assets or the personal assets of shareholders and/or directors. A bank also has the power to place a business into administration or bankruptcy if it defaults on debt interest or repayments or its prospects decline. ASSESSING THE IMPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT SOURCES. Financial institutions that transcend national boundaries and engage in such activities as extensive inter bank contracts, over-the-counter derivatives contracts, quit, bond, and syndicated loan issuance, and trading activities globally has led to stronger interconnections, innovation, and growth. While tighter interdependencies can increase the efficiency of the global financial system by smoothing credit allocation and risk diversification, they have also increased the potential for cross-market and cross-border disruptions to spread swiftly. In addition, financial innovations have enabled risk transfers that were not fully recognized by financial regulators and institutions themselves, and have complicated the assessment of counterparty risk, risk management, and policy responses. Although linkages across institutions have traditionally focused on solvency concerns, the current crisis reminds us of the relevance of liquidity spillovers, specifically that (1) Interconnectedness means difficulties in rolling over liabilities may spill over to the financial system as a whole; and that (2) Rollover risk associated with short-term liabilities is present not only in the banking sector but, equally importantly, in the nonblank financial sector. Thus, it is essential to improve our understanding and monitoring of direct and indirect financial systemic linkages, including by strengthening techniques to assess systemic link-ages, and thereby contribute to making systemic-focused supervision feasible. Four complementary approaches to assess financial sector systemic linkages and focuses on this definition of systemic risk: 2 The network approach The co-risk model The distress dependence matrix The default intensity model CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE SOURCE OF FINANCE FOR THE BUSINESS. There are a number of ways of raising finance for a business. The type of finance chosen depends on the nature of the business. Large organizations are able to use a wider variety of finance sources than are smaller ones. Savings are an obvious way of putting money into a business. A small business can also borrow from families and friends. In contrast, companies raise finance by issuing shares. Large companies often have thousands of different shareholders. To gain extra finance a business can take out a loan from a bank or other financial institution. A loan is a sum of money lent for a given period of time. Repayment is made with interest. The lender of money needs to know all the business opportunities and risks involved and will therefore want to see a detailed business plan. The lender may also want some form of security should the business run into financial difficulty, and may therefore prefer to provide a secured loan. Another way of raising short-term finance is through an overdraft facility with a bank. The borrower is given permission to take out more from their account than they have put in. The bank fixes a maximum limit for the overdraft. Interest is charged on the overdraft daily. Businesses may also qualify for grants. Government and private funds are sometimes made available to businesses that meet certain conditions. For example, grants and loans may be available to firms setting up in rural areas or where there is high unemployment. Out comes: By this module I understood the different long term and short term sources of finance with the implications of choice of one source over the other and any advantages and disadvantages of sources different sources of finance. P2 (FINANCE AS A RESOURCE) ASSESS AND COMPARE THE COSTS OF ABOVE MENTIONED SOURCES OF FINANCE. A company might raise new funds from the following sources: The capital markets: i) New share issues, for example, by companies acquiring a stock market listing for the first time ii) Rights issues  · Loan stock  · Retained earnings  · Bank borrowing  · Government sources  · Business expansion scheme funds  · Venture capital  · Franchising. Ordinary (equity) shares Ordinary shares are issued to the owners of a company. They have a nominal or face value, typically of $1 or 50 cents. The market value of a quoted companys shares bears no relationship to their nominal value, except that when ordinary shares are issued for cash, the issue price must be equal to or be more than the nominal value of the shares. Deferred ordinary shares Are a form of ordinary shares, which are entitled to a dividend only after a certain date or if profits rise above a certain amount. Voting rights might also differ from those attached to other ordinary shares. Ordinary shareholders put funds into their company: a) By paying for a new issue of shares b) through retained profits. New shares issues A company seeking to obtain additional equity funds may be: a) An unquoted company wishing to obtain a Stock Exchange quotation b) An unquoted company wishing to issue new shares, but without obtaining a Stock Exchange quotation c) A company which is already listed on the Stock Exchange wishing to issue additional new shares. EXPLAINING THE IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL PLANNING Financial planning it is a process which presents before an individual, organization or even a country, the current financial position and the adjustments in the spending pattern, in order to meet the goals. Importance of Financial Planning It is important to plan finances in order to reap long term benefits through the assets in hand. The investments that one makes are structured properly and managed by professionals through financial planning. Every decision regarding our finances can be monitored if a proper plan is devised in advance. The following points explain why financial planning is important. Cash Flow: Financial planning helps in increasing cash flow as well as monitoring the spending pattern. The cash flow is increased by undertaking measures such as tax planning, prudent spending and careful budgeting. Capital: A strong capital base can be built with the help of efficient financial planning. Thus, one can think about investments and thereby improve his financial position. Income: It is possible to manage income effectively through planning. Managing income helps in segregating it into tax payments, other monthly expenditures and savings. Family Security: Financial planning is necessary from the point of view of family security. The various policies available in the market serve the purpose of financially securing the family. Investment: A proper financial plan that considers the income and expenditure of a person helps in choosing the right investment policy. It enables the person to reach the set goals. DESCRIBE THE INFORMATION NEEDS OF DIFFERENT DECISION MAKERS. Commonly used indicators such as the gross national product (GNP) and measurements of individual resource or pollution flows do not provide adequate indications of sustainability. Methods for assessing interactions between different sectoral environmental, demographic, social and developmental parameters are not sufficiently developed or applied. Indicators of sustainable development need to be developed to provide solid bases for decision-making at all levels and to contribute to a self-regulating sustainability of integrated environment and development systems. (a) To achieve more cost-effective and relevant data collection and assessment by better identification of users, in both the public and private sectors, and of their information needs at the local, provincial, national and international levels; (b) To strengthen local, provincial, national and international capacity to collect and use multicultural information in decision-making processes and to enhance capacities to collect and analyze data and information for decision-making, particularly in developing countries; (c) To develop or strengthen local, provincial, national and international means of ensuring that planning for sustainable development in all sectors is based on timely, reliable and usable information; (d) To make relevant information accessible in the form and at the time required to facilitate its use. DESCRIBE THE IMPACT OF FINANCE ON THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS. Financial statements (or financial reports) are formal records of the financial activities of a business, person, or other entity. All the relevant financial information of a business enterprise presented in a structured manner and in a form easy to understand, is called the financial statements. There are four basic financial statements: Balance sheet: also referred to as statement of financial position or condition, reports on a companys assets, liabilities, and Ownership equity at a given point in time. Income statement: also referred to as Profit and Loss statement (or a PL), reports on a companys income, expenses, and profits over a period of time. Profit Loss account provide information on the operation of the enterprise. These include sale and the various expenses incurred during the processing state. Statement of retained earnings: explains the changes in a companys retained earnings over the reporting period. Statement of cash flows: reports on a companys cash flow activities, particularly its operating, investing and financing activities. For large corporations, these statements are often complex and may include an extensive set of notes to the financial statements and management discussion and analysis. The notes typically describe each item on the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement in further detail. Notes to financial statements are considered an integral part of the financial statements. Outcome: By this module, I identify the costs of finance as a resource, how to make up a budget on the basis of given information and implication of failure to finance adequately. P3 (FINANCIAL DECISIONS) ANALYZE BUDGETS AND MAKE APPROPRIATE DECISIONS How much unbudgeted downside risk you should manage Worst-case scenario (given catastrophic losses) vs. regret The value (and cost) of compliance with regulations (for example, SOX) Real Options: The Value of Midcourse Corrections to Projects One of the fundamental insights of modern financial theory is that options have value. The phrase We are out of options is surely a sign of trouble. However, because corporations (and other organizations) make decisions in a dynamic environment, they usually have midcourse options that should be considered in project valuations: The Option to Abandon a project: Has value if return (or savings) turns out to be lower than expected The Option to Expand a project: Has value if return (or savings) turns out to be higher than expected The Option to Delay a project: Has value if the underlying variables are changing with a favorable trend The Option to Outsource a project: Has value if internal resources dont have required experience and expertise In practice, companies sometimes have other choices. They can delay the decision until later, when more information is available. Or, they can call in outside help, even after having deciding not to do so at the outset. Such investment timing options can dramatically affect a projects estimated mean NPV and risk. Projects that can easily be modified in these ways are more valuable than those that do not provide such flexibility. The more uncertain the outlook, the more valuable this flexibility becomes. CALCULATE UNIT COSTS AND MAKE PRICING DECISIONS USING RELEVANT INFORMATION. Defining Costs There are several types of costs to consider when conducting a breakeven analysis, so heres a refresher on the most relevant. Fixed costs: These are costs that are the same regardless of how many items you sell. All start-up costs, such as rent, insurance and computers, are considered fixed costs since you have to make these outlays before you sell your first item. Variable costs: These are recurring costs that you absorb with each unit you sell. Setting a Price This is critical to your breakeven analysis; you cant calculate likely revenues if you dont know what the unit price will be. Psychology of Pricing: Pricing can involve a complicated decision-making process on the part of the consumer, and there is plenty of research on the marketing and psychology of how consumers perceive price. Take the time to review articles on pricing strategy and the psychology of pricing before choosing how to price your product or service. Pricing Methods: There are several different schools of thought on how to treat price when conducting a breakeven analysis. It is a mix of quantitative and qualitative factors. The formula: Dont worry, its fairly simple. To conduct your breakeven analysis, take your fixed costs, divided by your price, minus your variable costs. As an equation, this is defined as: Breakeven Point = Fixed Costs/(Unit Selling Price Variable Costs) This calculation will let you know how many units of a product youll need to sell to break even. Above the breakeven point, every additional unit sold increases profit by the amount of the unit contribution margin, which is defined as the amount each unit contributes to covering fixed costs and increasing profits. As an equation, this is defined as: ASSESS THE VIABILITY OF A PROJECT USING INVESTMENT APPRAISAL TECHNIQUES. Learning Outcome Assessment Criteria 1. Understand the nature of accounting, accountability and stewardship within a business environment Understand the nature and purpose of book-keeping and accounting and the difference between them. Be able to: Explain the difference between book-keeping, financial accounting and management accounting. Identify different stakeholders and their interest in the financial position of the business. Explain how accounting can be used for planning, decision making and control. Be able to: Identify and describe the fundamental accounting concepts of going concern, accruals, consistency, prudence and true and fair. Identify the key elements of financial statements (income, expenses, assets, liabilities, capital) and describe their relationship using the accounting equation. 1. Understand the nature of accounting, accountability and stewardship within a business environment (continued) Identify the main financial statements and explain how they are compiled (Profit and Loss Account, Balance Sheet and Cash Flow Statement). Describe how financial accounts are regulated using accounting standards. 2. Understand how financial statements can be analysed and interpreted to judge the performance of a business Understand how financial statements can be analysed and interpreted using ratio analysis so that stakeholders can judge the performance of a business. Be able to: Identify likely users of ratio analysis and explain how they might use the information. Calculate and interpret profitability ratios (gross profit, net profit, ROCE, asset turnover). Calculate and interpret liquidity ratios (current ratio, acid test ratio, debtor days, creditor days, stock turnover days). Calculate and interpret investment ratios (gearing, interest cover, simple EPS) Use ratio analysis to make comparisons between one business over time, two businesses or to compare results to industry standards. Explain the benefits and limitations of ratio analysis. 3. Understand the importance of working capital maintenance (continued) Explain how creditors can be used as a source of finance and identify the costs of trade credit. Explain how the elements of working capital can be managed effectively to minimise borrowing and its associated costs. Understand how a cash flow forecast can be used to predict and manage future working capital requirements. Be able to: Distinguish between cash and profit. Identify and understand the implications of non-cash accounting adjustments such as depreciation and provision for bad debts. Prepare a simple cash flow forecast and identify periods of cash excess or cash shortage. 4. Identify and assess different sources of funding available for business Understand that there are a range of sources of finance available for businesses and those different types of finance are suitable for different purposes. 5. Understand and distinguish between costs based on their behaviour Understand that costs can be classified in different ways based on their behaviour. Outcome: By this module I able to understand the different investment appraisal techniques and nature of long-term decisions. P4 (FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE) EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE OF MAIN FINANCIAL STATEMENTS The three main financial statements are: The balance sheet-which reports a corporations assets, liabilities, and stockholders equity as of a point-in-time (e.g., as of midnight of December 31, 2009). The income statement-which reports a corporations revenues and expenses for a period of time, such as a year, quarter, month, 52 weeks, 13 weeks, etc. The statement of cash flows (or cash flow statement)-which provides information on the change in a corporations cash and cash equivalents during the same period of time as the income statement. The financial statements that are distributed outside of a company need to be prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). For example, the cost principle generally requires that the balance sheet should report long-lived assets at cost minus accumulated depreciation. The matching principle requires that the cost of long-lived assets used in the business be allocated to various accounting periods in which they generate revenues or are used up. ANALYSES FINANCIAL STATEMENTS USING APPROPRIATE RATIONS AND COMPARISONS, BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL. 1. CURRENT RATIO OR WORKING CAPITAL RATIO: Current ratio may be defined as the relationship between current assets and current liabilities it is also known as working capital ratio. Current assets CURRENT RATIO = Current liabilities Year ended 2007-08 2006-07 2005-06 2004-05 2003-04 Current assets(in crores) 913.27 2333 1614 1171 913.27 Current liabilities(in crores) 1479 994 475 336 213 Ratio 0.62 2.347 3.397 3.485 4.132 Interpretation: A current ratio of 2:1 is usually considered as ideal. If it is less than 2, then it means the company is not enjoying the adequate liquidity. In past five years it shows a decline in the ratios. 2. QUICK RATIO: Formula = Current Assets Inventory Prepaid Expenses Current Liabilities Interpretation: A quick ratio of 1 is considered ideal. In all the five years, it was above 1, where the funds can be properly employed. LEVERAGE RATIOS 1. DEBT EQUITY RATIO: Debt-equity ratio, also known as External-Internal ratio is calculated to measure the relative claims of outsiders and the owners (i.e., shareholders) against the firms assets. This ratio indicates the relationship between the external equities or the outsiders funds and the internal equities or the share holders funds. Interpretation: A DEBT EQUITY RATIO OS 2:1 IS IDEAL. IN 2004-06 THERE IS NO DEBT EQUITY RATIO. IN 2007 AN 2008 IT SHOWED A NEGLIGIBLE VALUE. 2. PROPRIETORY RATIO: It is the ratio between shareholders equity and Total Assets. Formula= Shareholders Equity Total Assets YEAR SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY TOTAL ASSETS RATIO 2004 125.34 1309 0.095 2005 140.71 1651 0.085 2006 285.15 2257 0.126 2007 291.80 3389 0.086 2008 298.65 3987 0.074 Interpretation: A higher the proprietary ratio the better it is In all the five years it is less than one. It shows weak financial position of the business. 3. INTEREST COVERAGE RATIO: It is the ratio between EBIT and Interest Formula = EBIT Interest YEAR EBIT INTEREST RATIO 2004 355 2005 410 2006 499 1 499 2007 693 6 115.5 2008 834 13 64.15 Interpretation: The higher interest coverage ratio the better it is. In 2004 there is no interest coverage ratio. In 2006, 2007 2008 it showed a heavy ration which indicates a greater safety of Out come: By this I understood the basis business and accounting terminology used and should be able to interpret the information collected from financial statements using ratio analysis and could draw conclusions from it. CONCLUSIONS By this module I understood the different long term and short term sources of finance with the implications of choice of one source over the other and any advantages and disadvantages of sources different sources of finance. By this module I identify the costs of finance as a resource, how to make up a budget on the basis of given information and implication of failure to finance adequately. By this module I able to understand the different investment appraisal techniques and nature of long-term decisions. By this I understood the basis business and accounting terminology used and should be able to interpret the information collected from financial statements using ratio analysis and could draw conclusions from it.

R.C. Sheriffs Journeys End :: Journeys End English Literature War Essays

R.C. Sheriff's Journey's End Journeys end was first produced on 9th December 1928. The play was presented on 21st January 1929. R.C.Sherrif did not set out to glorify war he set out to show the reality, devastation and what life was actually like during the war. R.C.Sherrif had been a soldier so those that knew what it was like saw his portrayal of warfare as authentic. He does this through eyes of officers, which is different to how it is done by most play writers, as their role is more senior and after doing their duties they also have responsibility for other men and their lives. The five principal roles in Journey’s end are of four officers Osborne, Raleigh, Trotter and Hibbert but there is also Stanhope who is the commander of ‘c’ company. They all represent very different characters, Osborne is a very level-headed, older more mature person. Raleigh is a young boy who has just left school. He finds the war very exciting and he is enthusiastic about it. Trotter is a fat, jolly sort who loves his food; he is a very homely man. Stanhope is the authoritarian yet he needs alcohol to cope but he takes his job very seriously. Hibbert is basically a waste of space he is a malingerer as he tries to get home by faking an illness; it backfires on him though as Stanhope has the same illness and he is still there, he refuses to let Hibbert go home, yet Hibbert says he will go anyways but then Stanhope talks him into staying. I think R.C.Sherrif uses five people with very different characteristics and emotions to show how different people cope with the stresses of the War. Act three scenes one and two offer the first dramatic parts in Journey’s end. Most of the play up to this point is building up, conversation between the officers, with them building Raleigh’s knowledge of what will happen during the big raid. At the beginning of Act three scene one the colonel comes to see if everything is ready. When they do the raid and get the German Soldier, they don’t find out much. I think R.C.Sherrif does this because with him knowing what life was like in the war he is trying to get the point across to the audience that things don’t always go as they are planned. Then when you find out Osborne and Men have been killed it seems like a waste of time and lives. In the next scene when you see how all the men feel, it really feels authentic to how the men would of felt and makes you

Project Management Recommendation Essay

My team has pulled together the information you have requested and have come up with a recommendation for what we have found to be the most appropriate proposal for Piper Industries Corporation. The team has decided that the Stargazer proposal will be most beneficial to Piper Industries Corporation. This project proposal is forecasted to create the highest ROI compared to the forecasted project cost. A majority of the project costs are sunken costs of $450,000 which has been applied to the research and development of the new widget. The final project cost is estimated to be $575,000, which is an additional cost of $125,000. A key figure important in the decision was also the ROI, which is predicted to be $1,600,000 for the first three years on the market. The widget is expected to have a life-cycle of seven years. Based on the forecasted information from the first three years of sales, (first year $300,000, second year $550,000, and the third year $750,000) forecasted demand for the widget is expected to continue to grow. The difference between the ROI and the project cost is $1,025,000 (only estimated for the first three years). The reason that the Juniper and Palomino proposals were not selected was because of the projected costs in relation to the expected ROI. The Juniper project is expected to generate $250,000 ROI in a two to three year period, but the project costs are expected to be $325,000. The life-cycle is expected to be three years. The difference is -$75,000 in revenue, which means that the project does not have a profitable gain during its life-cycle. The Palomino project is predicted to generate a greater revenue of $450,000 in a five-year period ($90,000 yearly ROI), but the project costs are predicted to be $655,000. The life-cycle of the Palomino widgets is estimated to be seven years which increases the ROI to $630,000, and is still a loss to the company in relation to project costs of -$25,000 revenue. Neither of these  projects is estimated to create profits during their life-cycles. The setbacks in the Stargazer project include that the widget is an innovative product so there is a lack of historical data that can be used in the development. The specifications of the widget (based on R&D that has already been conducted) make it a high-risk product because of greater technological uncertainties. These uncertainties will be addressed early in the project process but will make it harder to meet the expected completion deadline. The project deadline is February 29, 2016, and the estimated delivery date will be determined in the first phase of the project. The phases of the project are broken down as follows: Phase One: Initiation This is the research phase of the project, where the goals and objectives of the project are defined clearly. In this phase, the forecasted budget, end-date (final deadline is February 29, 2016), resources required (including team members based on skills needed), and project milestones are addressed. Phase Two: Planning In this phase, all preparations are made for how the project will function. This is where the project objectives are defined, as well as key requirements of the project. The project is broken down into tasks and subtasks that are scheduled carefully to stay on track with other objectives. The schedules are made to reach the project delivery date, which is currently established for January 1, 2016 so the widget can be on the market by the project deadline of February 29, 2016. The cost of each task is determined, which gives a more precise picture of project cost. Phase Three: Implementation Actual work on the project begins in this phase. In this phase, cost accounts are created, work orders are issued, RFP are issued, contracts are made with vendors, and further resources are acquired (such as personnel). The project is officially set into motion. Phase Four: Control The project’s performance is carefully monitored for variances in actual activity and planned activity. The four main aspects that are monitored closely for variations include cost, schedules, risks, and the scope (the objectives of what the project is supposed to accomplish). This information is monitored by consistently collecting and analyzing data pertaining to these four aspects. The information is regularly reported through status reports and briefings to keep all interested parties up to date with the project’s progress. Phase Five: Closure In this phase, you are provided with the final product (widget), that has been tested and approved by all parties to the project. A complete history of the project is documented and given to you to be filed. The final payments to vendors are issued, and the cost codes for the project are closed, and the final invoice for services are submitted to you. Any equipment used for the project is disposed of accordingly, and the last step is to close the project site. My team is looking forward to your response to our suggestion. We are also looking forward to working with you on this project. If you have questions or concerns, please don’t hesitate to contact me.

Mystic Monk Case Study 1

James Farris Case Study #1 2/28/13 Mystic Monk Case 1. Father Daniel Mary is a man that is very dedicated to his church and seems to have a distinct passion for expanding the Carmelite Monks. Father Mary seeks expansion by the purchasing of the 8. 9 million dollar Irma Lake ranch out in the mountains of Wyoming, and by doing this, he hopes to create a place of pure worship, peace, and adoration. After the purchase of this ranch he hopes to expand the current number of monks of 13, to 30. The increase in space will allow more room for interaction and collaboration among the monks.Father Mary see’s the acquisition of the ranch as the future of the monastery and the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming. He knows that his vision of purchasing the ranch would require careful planning and execution. A way he seeks in raising money for this vast purchase is an increase in the revenues from Mystic Monk Coffee. 2. Father Mary assumed that the secluded monastic environment offered unique challeng es to functioning a business enterprise, but it also provided chances that were not obtainable to secular businesses.He committed to develop an execution strategy that would allow Mystic Monk Coffee to minimize the outcome of its cloistered monastic constraints, maximize the potential of monastic opportunities, and understand his vision of buying the Irma Lake Ranch. It seems Father Mary has a definite set of objectives and performance targets to achieve his goal. 3. Mystic Monk Coffee is going to have to make some financial changes if they are wanting to achieve their goal.This can come anyway from making spending cuts, to changing slogans and the way they market their product. An appeal to Catholics to, ‘use their Catholic coffee dollar for Christ and his Catholic church†, was published on the Mystic Monk Coffee website. This is a definite marketing ploy to try and increase sales. Mystic Monk has an advantage over other coffee brands because many customers see their pu rchase as helping the people of god, whether this is morally right or wrong, it is a clear advantage for Mystic Monk Coffee. . Mystic Monk Coffee makes most of its sales online, with a seldom few being over the phone. A 12-ounce bag on their website runs $9. 95, with purchasing of three or more bags qualifying for free shipping. They also give you the option of joining a â€Å"coffee club†, which offers monthly delivery of one to six bags of preselected coffee. The website also offers T-shirts, gift cards and CD’s. It is good the majority of their business is done over the internet seeing how our world is becoming almost completely internet based.At the end of MMC’s first year in operation, its sales of coffee and accessories averaged about $56,500 per month, but their total net profit of this was only 11%, bringing their total net profits to $6,215 per month, or $74,580 per year. This number would have to increase if they are wishing to a acquire the $8. 9 mill ion dollar Irma Lake Ranch. 5. Yes, it qualifies as a winning strategy. Just as long as Father Mary stays dedicated with his vision and makes the proper financial decisions. The acquisition of the ranch isn’t in any way unreasonable. 6.To make this dream become a reality Father Mary is just going to have to do a great job of communicating his project to others, and make sure his fellow Monks are on the same page with him as to what needs to be accomplished. Mystic Monk Coffee will also have to see a significant increase in donations if they are going to make their vision a reality. They need to make Catholic’s within the faith from our the world aware of what they are trying to accomplish. I believe if Father Mary sticks to his vision, they will be able to purchase the Irma Lake Ranch.

An analysis Essays

An analysis Essays An analysis Essay An analysis Essay 1982:63). The imagery evoked by this conceit supports the theme of his acceptance of God, since Done acknowledges His control over our lives. The theme of the acceptance is however more prominent in the works of Herbert than in those of Done. Although Herbert experiences struggles, for example revealed in The Collar by mentioning of my sighs (Herbert, 135, line 1 1) and my tears (Herbert, 135, line 12), he still ends this poem in a sense of acceptance and harmony with God (Vickers, 2001 : 180). Herbert states Method I heard one calling, Child! //And I replied My Lord (Herbert, 135, lines 35-36). This resolution displays his faith in God as he submits to HIS presence. Through this imagery the reader receives insight into a close and mutually sustaining relationship between Herbert and God (Vickers, 2001 :180). This strong style of directly addressing God, with a graceful and reverent attitude, is not as prominent in the religious poetry of Done. It unveils that Herbert had a more mature religious life. His mature choice of responding to God in his poems, especially in The Collar, reflects the theme of acceptance in his religious poetry. Lastly, the theme of acceptance and struggle is also reorient in the religious poetry of Marvel. As example, A dialogue between the Soul and Body, portrays the conflict between spirituality and bodily instinct. This conflict is especially portrayed by the personification of the Soul, in which the Soul states, A Soul hung up, as there, in Chains/Of Nerves, and Arteries, and eventualities, besides each other part,/Len a vain Head, and double Heart (Marvel, 246, 7-10). Marvel used this imagery to portray the entrapment of the Soul in the Body, as if it were in chains. This imagery inflames the idea of the spiritual domain as in constant temptation and opposition against the evil desires of the flesh. The influence of the King James Bible, especially of Mark 14:38 stating that the flesh is weak against temptation, which also influenced Done, is similarly seen in this Statement Of Marvel (Bible, 2012). The imagery of this temptation of the flesh in the spiritual journey supports the theme of struggle in the poetry of Marvel. In another poem of Marvel, A Dialogue between the Resolved Soul, and Created Pleasure, a similar debate is portrayed between the spiritual and the worldly temptations. Marvel uses passionate language to alleviate imagery of n epic battle, through Courage my Soul, now learn to wield/The weight of thin immortal Shield. /Close on thy Head thy Helmut bright. /Finance thy Sword against the fight. (Marvel, 237, 1-4). This instruction to the Soul, to prepare for the spiritual fight against the temptations of the world, is drawn from The King James Bible. Ephesians 6:16-17 declares: Above all, taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye shall be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked. And take the helmet of salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the word of God (Bible, 2012). Although this fight is spiritual, Marvel describes physical objects used for traditional arming, such as Shield, Helmut and Sword (Marvel, 237, 1-4), to create the imagery of an intense battle. This imagery is used in order to emphasize the motif of struggle, which is present in such a fight. The motif of acceptance is however correspondingly emphasized in this poem. Analogous to Herbert in The Collar, Marvel ends A dialogue between a Resolved Soul, and Created Pleasure in a sense of acceptance. In the last chorus he states Triumph, triumph, victorious Soul (Marvel, 240, 75). Hereby Marvel personifies the Soul to create an image to the reader of the Soul as winner of the spiritual battle. The Soul is considered as deserving of praise, after he resisted all worldly temptations. The imagery Marvel, Done and Herbert used, especially such as these Of Marvel drawn from the King James Bible, supports the themes of struggle and acceptance. In this essay the metaphysical religious poetry of Done, Herbert and Marvel were explored. This essay argued that the imagery in their poems contributed to the themes of struggle and acceptance, through a discussion of the elisions context of the seventeenth century, and an analyses of their metaphysical poetry. In this analysis imagery evoked by similes, metaphors and conceits, as well as those drawn from the King James Bible were identified.

Scm Delays Essays

Scm Delays Essays Scm Delays Essay Scm Delays Essay Delays during material purchase and supply are widespread in most projects around the world. Some of the delay happens at the time of purchasing of material for the project that is the period which is before the start of project as well as during actual execution of project is under way. Project schedules are consistently dynamic and uncertain. Several controllable and uncontrollable factors can adversely affect the project schedule and cause delays. These delays definitely create negative impacts on project performance.Schedule delay in the completion of a Construction projects may be a major difficulty for contractors leading to costly disputes and adverse relationships between project participants. The challenge is to measure the net impact of Supply chain delays accurately.. The method of schedule delay analysis technique should be acceptable to all participants through the project. Delays in the completion of projects are often unavoidable. The project schedule which is planned at the beginning of the project is prone to being changed for many times and unfortunately causes delays.As a result, schedule delays may be a major problem for contractors as well as the owners, resulting in costly disputes, controversial issues and adverse relationships between all the 3project participants. Therefore, the identification, quantification and analysis of delays become essential. Contractors are prone to see most of the delays in the responsibility of the owner, while owners usually want to put the blame on the contractor or third parties.Consequently, it is necessary to analyze schedule delays and research the most significant causes of delay in projects to avoid or minimize their adverse impacts on the project and project participants. These delays in purchasing and supply chain management may be due to various factors some of which are internal organizations and some are outside of organization. Internal factors such as delays from other departments, delays from c lient, delays in approvals, external factors include suppliers delays, transportation delays, and other factors may also affect such as act of god, government intervention etc.Analysis of these delays and the detail analysis of reason has to be done to measure the impact of each delays on the project. Delays Different type of delays that can be arise during actual procurement of material are stated as below 1. Import / Export duties clearances 2. Natural disaster. E. g. Cyclones, earthquakes, tsunami etc. 3. Manmade disaster. E. g. War, pirates etc. 4. Strike –Includes mainly labor disputes with management. 5. Quality –Poor quality of delivered materials a. By supplier. b. Damage to vital components during transportation. 6. Inaccurate forecast. a. Due to long lead time. b. Inflexibility at suppliers end. . Procurement of material from single source. 8. Receivable risk – Possibility of being unable to collect on receivables. 9. Inventory risk –Excessive i nventory hurts the financial performances. 10. Information infrastructure breakdown.. 11. Unexpected shutdown of key plant of supplier for certain period. 12. Government strike. 13. Change of design from client. 14. Design approval delays 15. Approval delays 16. Negotiation delays 17. Delays in issuance of transportation papers 18. Delays in submission of documents on site/ vendor. 19. Inspection delays 20. Delays in order follow up. 21. Delays in payment of supplier.

The Mighty Pen Persuasive Writing

The Mighty Pen Persuasive Writing The Mighty Pen: Persuasive Writing It’s said, â€Å"The pen is mightier than the sword.† To be sure, many heroes across the ages have inspired quiet revolutions with little more than words. Countless writers have impacted readers with their gift. Writing is a powerful tool for conveying thoughts, defending ideas, and persuading audience. What Comprises Persuasive Writing Persuasive writing is a serious form of writing about a debatable topic. Writing persuasively requires that you have a strong idea for which you are fighting. Persuasive writing benefits: Lawyers Politicians Activists Researchers Forms of Persuasive Writing While you often find persuasive pieces in the editorial sections of newspapers or magazines, they can also take the form of: Essays Research Papers Presentations Speeches Tips for Persuasive Writing: Choose a Stance When writing a persuasive piece, make your message clear so readers know the side you’re taking. Flip-flopping your stance create audience mistrust. Choose a side and defend it with well-researched facts. Rely on Facts Even if you are defending an opinion, it must be an educated one, based on hard truths. Find scientific studies and academic articles to back up your argument. Look for Credible Sources When choosing facts to support your argument, use credible sources. Quoting paid blogs or outdated research materials will repel those expecting a serious piece of writing. Credible sources of information may include, but are not limited to: Academic journals Official websites of credible institutions Recent peer-reviewed research papers Experts in the field â€Å"Sandwich Techniques† Psychology suggests that people are more likely to remember beginnings and endings, rather than the middle. This is called the â€Å"primacy and recency† effect. The sandwich technique employs this effect. With this approach, strongest arguments are made first and last and less powerful arguments are placed in the middle. This way, you begin and end your piece with strength. Persuasive writing is a science and an art. It requires both technique and grace to craft a piece that can convince a reader. If you’re having trouble creating a persuasive essay, don’t fret. Call at (647) 436-7280 for assistance.

Question 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Question 2 - Essay Example It is the interest which the insured stands to lose if the risk attaches. The risk that is therefore attached to every passenger in a public means of transport is varied to some extent (Soule, 1917 p. 210). The liability of Eastern Express’s insurance company on each of the individuals in this situation will depend on the interest that the train insured. Invariably, there are two or more parties who are always involved in an accident that occurs by a public means of transport. In this case, it is the train at fault. The insurance undertakes to pay compensation to the parties aggrieved by the accident on behalf of the driver or the company that insured the train. The insurance that such means of transport usually take among other things, provides insurance cover in respect of loss or damage that is suffered through damage of property or the death of the injury to any person resulting from an intentional or negligent act or omission by the operator or agents or servants of the o perator of the train in connection with the provisions of public passengers and transport services. Fred Fred has become permanently blind and his camera equipment, which he was transporting with him, was destroyed. While it is true that the eye sight of a film maker is essential to his job, this cannot be used as a basis to claim, future or anticipated loss of income. Fred had not yet made a deal with the television company, and it would therefore be had to calculate how much his income would have been. However, the insurance company will have to compensate him for the injuries that he has from the accident and the damage on his equipment. Albert Albert was 85 years old and suffering from terminal cancer. Even though Albert was already old and terminally ill, it would be evident that it was the accident that caused his death. However, given his age and his disease, the compensation would not be as much as for an individual who is still considered productive. His estate can only cla im compensation for the death that was caused by the accident. His age and state of health does not rule out the possibility and right to be compensated. Lydia Physically, she was unhurt but suffered Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, which stopped her working for a year, after which time she was only able to work part-time shop-assistant. However, Lydia has not been able to work as a result of her condition and would therefore require that her loss of income should be taken into consideration. If she settled her claim before the effects of her condition, she would not be in a position to renegotiate. Her circumstances are very unique and as such there would be several things to be considered, including her ability to continue with the job that she was doing before the accident. She also has a right to claim for emotional stress and the depression that her condition has impacted on her life. Cynthia Cynthia, a doctor in the next carriage, was also killed. She is at the prime of her age and has a good job. If it is proved that she is the breadwinner of her family, it would be paramount to compensate her estate relative the loss that the family has suffered. Moreover, she has a dependant, a daughter who is 15 years old whose circumstances have to be taken to consideration. As to the

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal statement - Essay Example My short-term plan is to get an Associate degree in accounting to gain new knowledge and refine my existing accounting skills and knowledge. My long-term goal is to start my own business where I can use my professional accounting skills and knowledge to achieve success. My aim is to become an invaluable part of the development and economic progress of my native country, Cambodia. I want to play a key role in the economic development of my country by running a successful business. An advanced knowledge of accounting and related subjects would be helpful for me as an entrepreneur to ensure and achieve business success in the present fluctuating economy of my country. I am of the viewpoint that economic status and educational opportunity go side by side in ensuring quick personal and professional progress and achievement. This is the reason for me to get a degree in the field of professional accounting. This degree would help me in acquiring key accounting skills and knowledge, as well as in running a successful business. I have had some working experience that proved to be very helpful for me to understand the value of the practical professional life. For example, I have recently worked in a local TV station broadcast in Long Beach, which is called Khmer TV. I worked there as an interpreter and gained experience of managing the office work. This working experience has improved my English language skills and has allowed me to become more socialized and able to do successful communication with other people. At present, I am also working part time for a local retail business, namely Bigfish Tackle, in Seal Beach California as a salesperson. My duty is to contact with the customers all the time and make successful deals with them related to the sale of the company’s products. Both of these practical experiences have helped me in developing professionally. I have come to know the ways to run a

Research Critique of a Quantitative Design Paper - 1

Critique of a Quantitative Design - Research Paper Example The research paper focuses on the educational degrees which are acquired by nurses and also reflects their performance and job satisfaction ratio. In the literature review, researchers have tried to relate an impact of education in job satisfaction which does not seem to be the only reason for the contribution to acquiring job satisfaction. The performance of an individual plays an important role in career retention because employees have to justify their education through their performances. The researchers have also tried to relate the reasons of a higher turnover rate with low job satisfaction, which is also considered as an incomplete reason for its justifications. Poor performance and inability to follow ethical guidelines are also the reason for a higher turnover rate. The study had been focused on the educational degrees which are acquired by nurses. They are either Associate’s Degree (AD) or Bachelor’s in Science degree (BS) followed by specialization. The resea rcher did not mention any previous studies that focused on the degree programs and their satisfaction in their respective jobs. This would have given the ratio of degree holders that can retain their job and become the source for job satisfaction. The hypothesis that has been assumed by the researcher contains an assumption that a BS degree would result in job satisfaction of a person and an AD degree would result in better career retention. There are other factors that could result in the increase in job satisfaction and career retention.

For or against animal testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

For or against animal testing - Essay Example orkshop and gave conclusions on ethical recommendations on animal experimentation and clinical studies, whereas, much as the participants would want to see the use of animals in researched phased out, it still remains as a long term goal (European Forum for Good Clinical Practice). If the practice is to stop now without alternatives in place, it would have a damaging effect on the research and development of new medicines that may save a lot of people. The fact remains that people still want safe medicines. The workshop has provided an avenue for different perspectives to be discussed. Key actors from different stand points were given an opportunity to share their opinions. A member from the European Parliament, representatives from the pharmaceutical industry, the animal protection group, the ethics committee and patients, all came to a common ground central to the ethical principles of doing no harm to the human participants and avoiding animal testing whenever possible. However, it is in this point in time that this practice cannot be avoided if we are to continue our quest for cures and better treatments. It is then the responsibility of all to make sure that certain conditions are met like avoidance of unnecessary animal testing and to make sure that alternatives to animal use are being sought (European Forum for Good Clinical Practice). It is not to say that those who are agree to animal testing, would like to see the animals suffer or be treated inhumanely. These people are just addressing a present reality that mankind for its survival, need science research to progress and that alternative to animal testing are not at the moment present. The challenge therefore, is to ensure that researchers adhere to the applicable laws, regulations and policies governing animal testing including the Animal Welfare Act and Public Health Policy for Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Further to this, the US Food and Drug Authority advocates that research

Appeal Letter Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Appeal Letter - Personal Statement Example Somehow and someway, the prospects of me having an everlasting career in this discipline are fading with passage of time. Throughout my academic life, my track record has been excellent and I have been often been praised for my intellectualism and intelligence. Although I am an International student and English was never my native Language but still I performed well in my English subjects and got A’s in English as well as Mathematics. My academic record, right from Kindergarten till High school, has been phenomenal. Not only from the academic point of view but my performance in various extra=curricular activities have been good. I have won several debates and essay competitions and have always been an integral part of my school basketball team. I have all the technical attributes to succeed at the Urban Studies program at UCB. I was a top performer in my bachelors program at my previous community college and was often praised by my peers and my teachers for my consistently good academic performance. As a student having an exceptional academic track record, I can certainly perform with the utmost consistency if I am transferred to the urban studies program of the University. A degree in urban studies will highly beneficial because it is able to combine various approaches related to an academic world which have various attributes of a real-world experience related to a city or a region.  I do have broad vision regarding urbanization and I feel the pain which people living in impoverished areas of some of the biggest cities in the world have to face. I can make innovative and creative strategies for people of developed as well as under developed regions of the world with regard to urbanization. My strong social and communal skills will certainly help me in this regard as it can make a massive difference in my career in the

Strategy and Position Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategy and Position Paper - Essay Example Lagree fitness plan is an innovation that focuses on attaining optimum physical fitness through the use of technological inventions. Participants of the physical fitness plan are taken through a series of work out practices that enhance five major functionalities of their body. After going through the fitness plan, participants are guaranteed of efficient and highly functional respiratory system of their body as well as proper blood circulation all over the body. Participants are also able to acquire strength of their muscles and endurance. These exercises also shape the body and give it proper tone through loss of fat and growth of muscles. The technology used while exercising on the other hand ensures that the muscles are well stimulated by the exercises to attain maximum flexibility (Lagreefitness.com, 2015). Lagree fitness uses innovative and new technology that sets it apart from other fitness plans. The training is conducted by young motivated instructors like the staff of Brooklyn Bodyburn and has various packages like group plans which make it interactive (Brooklyn Bodyburn, 2015). The use of new patented technology in Lagree fitness plan makes it inaccessible to the general population, thus limiting the growth potential of the new innovation. All new companies that want to employ Lagree fitness plan must be trained and satisfied by Lagree, limiting its coverage. The existing opportunity for Lagree is the many gaps in the innovation of new technology supporting body fitness. If well advertised and marketed, there is sufficient potential for growth of the company and its products. The release of the documentary dubbed future of fitness by Lagree will showcase the new innovations to a wider range of clients. With frequent improvements and innovations, Lagree faces the most threat from new entrants in the body fitness industry. These new entrants may come up with more improved

Appeal Letter Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Appeal Letter - Personal Statement Example Somehow and someway, the prospects of me having an everlasting career in this discipline are fading with passage of time. Throughout my academic life, my track record has been excellent and I have been often been praised for my intellectualism and intelligence. Although I am an International student and English was never my native Language but still I performed well in my English subjects and got A’s in English as well as Mathematics. My academic record, right from Kindergarten till High school, has been phenomenal. Not only from the academic point of view but my performance in various extra=curricular activities have been good. I have won several debates and essay competitions and have always been an integral part of my school basketball team. I have all the technical attributes to succeed at the Urban Studies program at UCB. I was a top performer in my bachelors program at my previous community college and was often praised by my peers and my teachers for my consistently good academic performance. As a student having an exceptional academic track record, I can certainly perform with the utmost consistency if I am transferred to the urban studies program of the University. A degree in urban studies will highly beneficial because it is able to combine various approaches related to an academic world which have various attributes of a real-world experience related to a city or a region.  I do have broad vision regarding urbanization and I feel the pain which people living in impoverished areas of some of the biggest cities in the world have to face. I can make innovative and creative strategies for people of developed as well as under developed regions of the world with regard to urbanization. My strong social and communal skills will certainly help me in this regard as it can make a massive difference in my career in the

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay Example for Free

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay In America, English is the national language. However, with many different cultures and ways of life, everyone doesn’t speak the same English. In the north, people tend to speak clearly and to some this is correct. In the south, people tend to tie their words together and to some this is incorrect. Ultimately, the question is, is what is good language what is bad and what causes the two. In Orewell’s piece, he criticizes the English language starting from the teachers who teach us on to the authors who entertain us. He emphasizes how bad language begins with those to people and their bad habits. He also stresses that if we â€Å"remain strong in this fight against bad English† then we will soon overcome the bad habits and whatnot. Orewell talks about dying metaphors and usage of words that aren’t in layman term. He suggests that when authors use common metaphors and uncommon scientific words, they are writing incorrectly. Consequently, readers and other writers are reading, writing, and learning incorrectly. In my opinion, Orewell’s essay was not efficient in any way. He was nothing short of a hypocrite doing what they do best. He speaks of creative writing and original methapors, but he uses neither. He speaks of using cumbersome words that nobody relates to, yet the majority of his essay was written as if he spoke old English. He doesn’t follow any of the rules that he strongly suggests will bring us out of this fight of bad English. He’s setting no example for the so-called unrightfully successful authors and novice writers. The English language has many different meanings, expressions, causes and effects. So many, that there can no be one specific person determining which are the most perfect. As stated before different regions of the U.S. determine how those people talk, so unconsciously people read and write the way they speak. Many authors use metaphors to allow the audience to better relate to the message their relaying. Many authors use scientific and uncommon words to help broaden their readers vocabulary and to expose them to more than they knew before reading their piece. These critical readers  pick up dictionaries and thesauruses and begin to further explore the language they’re so familiar with. Orewell is neither the most qualified nor perfect person to suggest how authors should write. After all, no on is criticizing his piece and how it negatively drew the audience in. If he is criticizing the way English is taught then he’s ultimately criticizing the way people interpret. Many people are doing just fine without Orewell’s negative views of the English language.

The Use Of Cctv Criminology Essay

The Use Of Cctv Criminology Essay The use of CCTV (Closed Circuit Television Technology) in public place has aroused the concern of public against the privacy issue and stimulated intense debate across the globe. This research aim to discuss the societys ethical stance on the use of CCTV in public place through an investigative and comparative analysis. The report will provide a variety of discussion based on objective analysis of available publications throughout the world. It addresses the main debates surrounding effectiveness and utility and further evaluates the protection of individual rights. Introduction CCTV or Closed Circuit Television is a video surveillance technology. It is described by several sociologist and criminologist like Clive Norris and Gary Armstrong (1999) as a form of power that views and controls the activities and actions of people. CCTV can be set up and used by public authorities in public or private areas in aiding crime prevention and crime prosecution. It is a multi-purpose kind of technology, where previous years it was supposed to be used to manage risk cases of traffic jams, fire and crime. CCTV sometimes helps and also creates some problems to the general public. In some ways it limits the freedom of other people. Meaning that you know people are watching you and there are some things which you cant do when people are watching. Like example, I have and itch on my butt and I cant scratch it in public since CCTVs are watching. CCTV when put in public places they record and display whatever that happens in that area. People therefore have lost their right to privacy once they leave their homes and into public places. Freedom is the right for everyone. People have the right to do and live their lives in peace without having others watching them. Literature Review Usage of CCTV The lack of clear outline and a standard on the employ of CCTV and the targeted population is a major setback of CCTV technology. Clarifications on the uses of CCTV have been made by Muller and Boos (2004). They found that CCTV is generally used for registering evidence, conduct control, flow control, access control and the planning of deployment based on their study. Targeted Individuals or groups of CCTV Norris and Armstrong (1999) created eight categories of suspicion targeted by video surveillance operators in terms of selection of targeted individuals or groups. Categories of suspicion that included are protection, which infers monitoring a vulnerable person (single women, children); category, which is a suspicion based on personal characteristics; location, that is based on persons location; behavior suspicion, which is based on recognizing abnormal behavior; personalized, which suggests prior knowledge of the person; transmitted, that refers to a suspicion based on an outside source; routine, which is based on a set surveillance path; and voyeuristic or for entertainment purposes. CCTV as effective safety tool for crime solving/prevention CCTV monitors individuals and crowds, provide warning signs of potential criminal offences, respond to threats and thus notifies the operator(s) of harmful actions and behavior, during and after the occurrence of an event (McCahill . Norris 2002a). For instance, in Barcelona, video surveillance cameras allowed authorities to find a young Spanish man who aggressively attacked a Latino American man in the metro (Cambon 2007). Such events have spread awareness on the effectiveness of the system as safety tool. This CCTV technology can conduct and inform both helpers and others on the situation in case there is an incident like fire. Besides, CCTV technology is deemed as a successful and efficient tool for reducing crime rates within targeted areas for certain social science researchers, government agencies, and institutions. There are many studies devoted to proving this stance and asserting the claim that CCTV systems are useful. These studies proposed that CCTV system have reactive an d preventative measures, increase the efficiency of police force, revive business in desolate or poor areas, build social cohesion, protect the private environment of citizens and ensure feelings of safety. Opponents of CCTV technology claim there is too much focus on the ability of CCTV to reduce crime. They said that such focus produces misleading studies and draws away from a proper assessment and evaluation of the impact of CCTV on solving crime. Nacro, the UK-Based organization conducted a review of CCTV and found that property crimes reduced in areas covered by video surveillance, especially in car parks, for example car theft. However, the same Nacro review revealed that public video surveillance had no impact on personal crimes such as assault or drunkenness. Therefore, some people critic the use of CCTV is a quick-fix solution and fails to tackle the real problems. CCTV as effective safety tool for building feelings of security Ann RudinowSÃ ¦tnan et al. (2004) claim that CCTV is an effective tool to reducing crime and establishes relations in a unsafe area. The use of CCTV increase made citizen feel safer and encourages broad participation and interaction in public spaces, which is effective in improving a communitys image and attract more investment. However, there are several research disagree with the above statement. They claim that CCTV does not reduce the feelings of unsafe or insecurity, therefore it is ineffective to use as a tools to preventing or solving crime. Jason Ditton (2000) claim that CCTV does not make people feel secure but create a false fear. Futhermore, the camera targets the innocent citizen rather than the criminal, imposing a constant fear in public spaces. Several research result have shown that citizen feel discomfort and fear in the presence of video surveillance was significantly higher among women, who are commonly labeled as the most vulnerable group to criminal events. CCTV as effective management tool CCTV video surveillance technology have been adopted by several countries as a management tools to administrate and monitor transport system, rationalize the maintenance of building infrastructure, fire prevention and for management of social spaces. Several studies demonstrate that CCTV are an effective management tools since it is less expensive than police officers and more efficient in detecting or preventing criminal offences. Don Babwin (2007) asserts that unlike security personnel, cameras are not subject to fatigue or loss of concentration and therefore provide uninterrupted and consistent effort. Therefore, the financial burden of the initial expense of purchasing and installing the system is thwarted by its long-term efficiency over employing additional police officers who may be less valuable. Ethical Challenges According to the 2006 Privacy International Report, governments policy initiatives on security aredestabilizing core elements of personal privacy there must be an understanding on how changes in privacy laws, technologies implemented affect legal and constitutional protections, individual rights, freedoms and autonomy, democratic institutions. The use of CCTV technology has stirred ethical concerns. These concerns refer to the lack of privacy protection, the repression of individual liberties for the greater good and mounting fears of insecurity. Innocent people will feel that video surveillance cameras in public places would invade peoples privacy at every turn and it would make going out in public feel like being in a bank. CCTV helps but at the cost of infringing on the rights of low-abiding citizens, their action in public space is being recorded. Therefore, they have stimulated the rise of rules and regulations which aim to protect individuals rights and freedoms as well as regu late the use and output of information captured by such systems. Politicians who abide by CCTV as an effective and successful method in the field of crime prevention, suggest that the presence of CCTV systems in public spaces act as a deterrence to criminals or potential offenders. Therefore, innocent individuals should not be bothered by its presence. The cameras target offenders and thus offer no harm to the general public. This mentality is widely used to convince the public that CCTV systems are used for a specific reason and do not impinge on issues of privacy or civil liberties. This mentality in fact poses an ethical concern, which assumes that in general individuals are innocent and must give up some liberties for the greater good. Conclusion There exists a variety of frameworks, local, national and international, which aim to protect and secure privacy and safety rights of individuals in society. Besides, there is also a clear lack of codes of practice and a fear that commercial interests override individuals freedoms and rights. Therefore, government officials and policy makers use it as a reference guide for assessing the main issues and addressing effective solutions.

John Huston the Dead Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The film, The Dead, directed by John Houston, is based on a short story that takes place in Dublin, Ireland around 1904. In Ireland at this time there is much conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants, whether Ireland should be part of Great Britain or not. This narrative is intended to show life in Ireland at this time as real as possible. The music during the story is a constant reminder of the mood of the film; the music is generally sad, but when needed it is in a happier tone. Everything about the film adds to the despair that all of the characters eventually feel at some time in the film.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The movie ends up being a very morbid film. All of the emotions from the characters make the film have a melancholy undertone....

Ticonderoga and Crown Point :: essays research papers

The immediate object of the attack on the British Forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point on May 10 and 11, 1775 was first to capture the forts themselves, but also to obtain a cannon and supplies to use for the impending seige of Boston. Washington, who assumed command of the American forces on July 2, 1775, could not attempt this attack without heavy artillery, which was procured by Colonel Ethan Allen, Colonel Benedict Arnold and Colonel Seth Warner with Vermont’s Green Mountain Boys. Green Mountain Boys, was the name of a group of soldiers from Vermont led by Allen, Warner and Arnold. They took their name from the Green Mountains in Vermont. The Green Mountain Boys were originally organized by Ethan Allen before the revolution to protest the claims of the New York government to Vermont territory, and were later joined by Seth Warner and Benedict Arnold. Seth Warner, was born in Connecticut and later moved to Vermont, where he was declared an outlaw in 1771 for forcibly resisting a New York claim to the area, and had a reward offered for his capture. Under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, he participated in the seizure of Fort Ticonderoga and led the force that took Crown Point the next day. Later that year, he was elected lieutenant-colonel commandant of the Green Mountain Boys. Ethan Allen was also born Connecticut, moving to Vermont in 1769. He became involved in the struggle between New York and New Hampshire for control of the region, just like Allen was. The New York authorities rejected an appeal that the region be established as a separate province, and Allen organized a volunteer militia, called the Green Mountain Boys, to resist the New York cause. Volunteers were raised by the Committee of Correspondence. They recruited fifty men and three hundred pounds to set up the Green Mountain Boys. Allen too, was declared an outlaw by the governor of New York. At the outbreak of the Revolution, Allen and The Green Mountain Boys offered to fight against the British. Arnold was born in Connecticut and enlisted in the militia during the French and Indian War. Later, as a militia colonel, Arnold joined with Allen and The Green Mountain Boys to take Fort Ticonderoga .

Actions Of A Teacher Who Is Behaviorist

Actions of a teacher who is behaviorist: As a behaviorist, you believe that learning takes place when knowledge is separated into smaller bits. Students are rewarded for successful answers. Instruction focuses on conditioning the learner's behavior. Learning involves repetition and association and is highly mechanical. Behaviorist leaning teachers focus on a new behavioral pattern being repeated until it becomes automatic.(Schuman) The role of the behaviorist teacher is providing stimulus material and prompting the correct response, while the learner's role is to be the receiver of the information response until the behavioral change is permanent. (Applications of Learning Theories) Teachers with a behaviorist leaning view errors as not enough conditioning. Without repetition and proper conditioning, students will make mistakes. Behaviorism can also be thought of as a form of classroom management. Behaviorists believe human beings are shaped entirely by their external environment.If you alter a person's environment, you will alter his or her thoughts, feelings, and behavior. The system is based on rewards and punishments. Behaviorists believe that if teachers provide positive reinforcement, or rewards, whenever students perform a desired behavior, they will learn to perform the behavior on their own. The same concept applies to punishments. Behaviorists think people act in response to internally or externally generated physical stimuli. They basically consider human nature to be the product of one's environment.An example of behaviorism is when teachers reward their class or certain students with a party or special treat at the end of the week for good behavior throughout the week. The same concept is used with punishments. The teacher can take away certain privileges if the student misbehaves. 2. Actions of a teacher who is progressivist: Progressivists believe that individuality, progress, and change are fundamental to one's education. Believing that people l earn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives, progressivists center their curricula on the needs, experiences, interests, and abilities of students.Progressivist teachers try making school interesting and useful by planning lessons that provoke curiosity. In a progressivist school, students are actively learning. The students interact with one another and develop social qualities such as cooperation and tolerance for different points of view. In addition, students solve problems in the classroom similar to those they will encounter in their everyday lives. Progressivists believe that education should be a process of ongoing growth, not just a preparation for becoming an adult. An obvious example of progressivism would be our class.We are in groups a lot and we actively learn through discussion. We talk about how what we read can be incorporated into our future teaching careers. Dr. Theodore takes into account the suggestions from the previous semester's students an d modifies his class accordingly. My reflections pg. 15 As a future teacher, I must ensure that I am prepared to organize my classroom in ways to inspire my students. I believe most strongly in the constructivist philosophy of teaching. I believe a constructivist teacher should be a guide for the student.My classroom will be full of motivational words and pictures, with bright colors. I want there to be something on every wall that will inspire my students to ask questions. I want my students to think critically with my guidance and support. I feel it is important for my students to feel safe within the walls of my classroom and feel free to explore their environment and create their own learning. Through experiences and investigation, the students within my classroom will continue to take steps forward to their educational and emotional development.I also believe that children should grow together. Although some students may be advanced, while others may have special needs, I think it is important to start at one point. Occasionally, some students may need scaffolding in order to reach the ability of other students, but through guidance and support I want to allow each child to grow individually. Differentiated instruction will be vital be to help assist students on different learning levels. Moreover, each student's individuality should be considered when planning activities and molding each activity for them personally.I want to ensure that each student is being challenged, no matter what their starting level may be. My educational philosophy is simple; I believe all children have the right to an enriching education! I believe all children are unique and need a safe and enriching environment to learn and grow, emotionally and intellectually. Education is the stepping stone to a child's future and it is important to make sure every student learns what they need, in order to help them succeed in their adult lives.As a future teacher, the three areas I believe will make my classroom efficient and motivating to my students are (1) teaching as though I am guiding my students through the knowledge I present to them (2) giving my students the freedom to let their curiosity take them further and (3) encouraging my students to respect their peers and the things of the world. I plan to hold my students to the highest expectations because I feel that is my obligation. I want my students to know they can achieve anything, just as long as they put their minds to it.I will be open-minded and will always encourage creative thinking. I want the activities my students participate in to be intrinsically motivating. The Russian psychologist Vygotsky emphasizes the idea of allowing students to work together and help each other learn. This can be done through scaffolding; assisting students in the early stages of learning and slowly decreasing the assistance and letting students figure things out independently. I want my students to learn through interact ions with their peers and be able to use their minds and construct their own ideas about what information I give them.This idea comes from the constructivist theory of learning; giving students the freedom to discover and apply ideas through the information they receive. My desire is to have the students be completely satisfied in learning new and even challenging things and that they are fully engaged in what they are learning. I want their learning to be of the purest nature and I want them to really enjoy every aspect of learning. I want my students to feel comfortable in my classroom, so I plan to come to class everyday with a smile, an open heart, and a sense of humor.Teaching comprises many aspects, but the one aspect I feel that is most important is stirring the minds of students, letting their curiosity take them into learning, and allowing them to enjoy the rewards of their achievements. That said, the importance of philosophy in education is the fact that it is the foundat ion in which all academic teaching and intellectual learning is built off. My future application pg. 16 Learning encompasses three broad domains—knowledge, behaviours and attitudes.When we create a positive environment for learning, we set the conditions for students to move through a range of behaviours in each domain, from simple to increasingly complex, until they achieve mastery of the course learning outcomes. The challenge of creating a positive learning environment is one that all teachers face regardless of the physical environment in which learning takes place. Learning can occur in many settings, not just in the classroom. Accordingly, the term â€Å"classroom† in this book is used figuratively and includes a wide range of learning environments.Creating a positive learning environment is the cornerstone of effective teaching. In order for our students to succeed, they must first believe they can succeed. Students must have confidence in their abilities and th ey must feel that the teacher shares that confidence. A positive learning environment nurtures these feelings by allowing students to explore and expand their knowledge without undue risk or fear. A positive environment is fostered when learning outcomes and expectations are clearly communicated to the student.Students have a wide range of learning needs and styles, and this diversity must be taken into account in employing a variety of teaching strategies. The size of the classroom, the arrangement of the furniture, the functioning of equipment and other physical aspects of the class all contribute to, or detract from, the learning environment. When these factors can be manipulated to be positive influences, an environment more conducive to learning will be created. Creating a positive learning environment is the cornerstone of effective teaching.As teachers we are accountable to our students, as well as to their future employers. Clearly , there is no one â€Å"right† combi nation of elements that will magically result in a positive climate for learning for every student. Creating and maintaining a positive learning environment is an ongoing process. Clearly, there is no one â€Å"right† combination of elements that will magically result in a positive climate for learning for every student. The methods you devise will be uniquely yours and will reflect your own personal style and the philosophy, direction, goals and skills of your particular program, faculty and students.You will bring your own creativity as a teacher to build on the wide variety of experience of teachers across a range of disciplines. In teaching and learning Teaching and Learning provides leadership, service, and support in the development, implementation, and dissemination of learning standards in all curriculum areas. We support school districts and their educators in delivering high quality instruction of the learning standards that ensures students achieve at high levels. Clarity of communication, collaboration, coordination, and commitment are the core values that guide our work.Addressing diversity of learners The guiding research question – How well prepared pre-service teachers believe themselves to be to teach students of diversity? -provided an effective means of ascertaining the effectiveness of one university’s teacher preparation program as it relates to this issue. Discovering the pre-service teachers’ perspective was germane to this study for identifying the degree to which the teacher preparation curricula and field-based experiences influenced their beliefs about diversity; thus preparing them for teaching students of diversity.It became evident that these future teachers had differing meanings of diversity and there was a perceived disconnect between how well the curricula compared to their field experiences prepared them to teach diverse populations. The purpose for conducting this study has been twofold. First, th e objective was to learn how prepared the students in our teacher education program; perceive themselves to be to teach the diverse student populations found in an ever-increasing amount of public schools. Learning this information can influence policy and practices in this University’s teacher education program.Having conducted this study for this primary purpose, it is encouraging to have research drive decisions that address the issues of enhancing diversity training in teacher preparation programs. MY OBSERVATIONS 1. Classroom Arrangement The classroom I observed was the first grade class of Mrs. Wunderlin at Winchell Elementary School. The student’s desks were arranged into groups of six. I believe that the student’s desks were arranged into groups to promote social interaction, which builds a community for the students. When the students sit in groups it is easier for them to work as a team.The classroom also consisted of a reading area, which had a variet y of books. There were picture books and chapter books that covered low, average and advanced reading levels. In the back corner of the room there was a math area. The math area had several containers of manipulative objects that students could use to solve mathematical problems such as rods and cubes. Along the back wall of the classroom were two computers. Above the computers were photographs of the students and above each photograph were a drawing of a self-portrait created by that student.This is a great activity to use at the beginning of the year that helps students get to know the names and faces of their classmates. I really enjoyed looking at them and will do this activity in the future. At the front of the classroom was the teacher’s desk next to the board. Beside the teacher’s desk was a word wall. Word walls are excellent tools to use in the classroom. On the board Mrs. Wunderlin had the daily schedule which was reading, spelling, lunch/activity, story time , math, music, social studies, and ending with science. Also on the board were a class number grid and a clock to learn how to tell time.Next to the board was a bulletin board that had a calendar on it. All these items are essential to have in a first grade classroom. It did seem that students shared ownership in the classroom. They are allowed to have water bottles on their desks and a â€Å"toolbox† as the teacher referred to it, which was a small plastic container that the students put their writing utensils in. Besides from allowing students to have items on their desks during class time, students didn’t have to ask to use the restroom, they just get up even when the teacher is talking.The students also had a â€Å"respect† guide that was located on the wall so they can always refer to it. The â€Å"respect† guide is, for every letter in the word respect stood for a word that students should follow in the classroom. The letter â€Å"R† for resp onsibility, â€Å"E† for effort, â€Å"S† for solving problems, â€Å"P† for perseverance, â€Å"E† for empathy, â€Å"C† for confidence, and â€Å"T† for teamwork. I loved this idea and will add it to my list of things to have in my classroom. 2. Bulletin board display I went around the School Areas and I saw different Bulletin Board Displays located from the first to third floor.In every level of Basic Education, they have their own bulletin board display. Some are colorful and some are simple. The contents found are the list of the pupils with their pictures, lists of their subjects and their academic performances, schedules, word for the day, eye-openers, â€Å"legacy of excellence†, achievements, and the like. There are no misspelled words used in the display, the messages are clear, precise and consistent, the colors and designs always suit the interest and age of the pupils. 3. School playground I love going there; it’s such a celebration of the carefree spirit that all kids possess.The rear entrance to the school requires a short walk across two huge sports fields, which are always occupied by screaming, laughing, playing, running kids. There are books and chapters in books and no doubt countless pages on the internet describing various techniques for undertaking this part of a child’s assessment. Over the years I have practiced, I must have looked at hundreds of examples. For a parent or teacher seeking information on observation techniques it must seem very confusing. The following techniques are the methods I have settled on and used successfully for years; both are very simple.I always use both techniques sometimes in sequence but more often in tandem. If you are new to observation I would suggest doing them in sequence, you will naturally begin to use them in tandem as you gain experience. All you need is a note pad a pen and a watch. 4. Learning resource center Learning resources can be broadly defined to include books, libraries, bookstores, consultants, teachers, newspapers and journals, computers, on-line services†¦ just about anything that will either act as a source of learning or as a point of access to other learning resources.Until we start looking for them, many of us are unaware of the existence of these resources or under-estimate their potential value 1. Class routines Co-Curricular Activities are positive outgrowths and extensions of the regular curriculum in the schools. A co-curricular activity is one generated for a class or course, with the idea that all students participating in the class or course may be involved. Extra-curricular activities are those which contribute to the spirit of the school, personal growth of the participant and the positive aspects of school participation but do not offer credit.

Cultural Aging

This paper is designed to illustrate a cultural or ethnic group of my choosing and how they feel about the aging process. Also, to give detail of their background, their perspective and how it coordinates with the group, how they feel it effects aging on the older population, the elderly role in this cultural or ethnic group and and historical information in the group perspective if they immigrated in the United States. Within my findings I found out that African American woman (in particular) are concerned with aging but are not as concerned as Caucasian women. Being that African Americans have more melanin in their skin, wrinkles are not as common at the age of 65 as it would be of women who are the same age but of the Caucasian race. For my paper on the perspectives, I chose to research African Americans and take a look in to how they perceive aging, how they feel it effects aging on the older population, their roles and if there are any historical changes in their perspective. Most African Americans are the descendants of captive Africans held in the United States from 1619 to 1865. Blacks from the Caribbean whose ancestors immigrated, or who immigrated to the United States, also traditionally have been considered African American, as they share a common history of predominantly central Africans roots or west African, the middle passage and slavery. In the past, it was these people who were referred to and self-identified collectively as the American Negro, who now generally consider themselves African Americans. The history of African Americans are highlighted and celebrated annually in the United States during February, which is respectfully known as Black History month, and their history is the sole focus that time. Others who some times are Americans who descended from slaves, are referred to as African Americans, and who may self identify as such in United States government censuses, include relatively recent black immigrants from Africa, South America and elsewhere who self-identify as of African descent. A big percentage of African Americans descended from slaves, most of which were sold by African states or kidnapped by African, Arab, European or American slave traders. The existing market for slaves in Africa was exploited and expanded by European powers in search of free free labor for New World plantations. Are African Americans less concerned with the consequences of aging? Let's take the cosmetic world for example to emphasize my points to come. The cosmetic world is filled with all sorts of products designed to keep women (and occasionally men) look (and feeling) young. The products are primarily geared towards skin care and more specified for wrinkles. Let's take a look at cosmetic commercials and ads, you mist find something very interesting: there are few black women. Of course, there are women of different ethnic groups, which by way of sending a message that all women, no matter ethnicity are concerned with aging. For the most part, it seems that Caucasian women (more so than black women) are concerned about the aging process. To aid in my point, I'll use the statistics from the Society of Plastic Surgeons that proves that African Americans are still one of the smaller groups requesting plastic surgery. Whites account for 69% while blacks have only 8%. There is a very popular phrase within the African American community affirming that â€Å"black don't crack†. This phrase is an exact implication that African Americans typically look younger in age versus other ethnic groups, mainly the white ethnic group. A person's physical health, one's lifestyle and health definitely play a role in this. It is usually quite common for people to mistake a black women who may be 65 and be mistaken for 55 and for women in their 40's to be mistaken as being in their 30's (Yeo, 2001). The most common and scientifically proven reason for this is because African Americans typically have more melanin that a person has in their skin, the more complex it is for the skin's harmful rays to penetrate, creating wrinkles, spots, lines and other anomalies. For some reason, it has not been until recently that cosmetic companies begun targeting African-American women for anti-aging products. In a 2006 article in Essence magazine, it purports that the cosmetic industry in general has seen a marked increase in toiletries and cosmetic advertising in general, marketers choosing non-black publications to reach an additional demographic. â€Å"The myth is that women of color don't care about aging,† the president of Essence, Michelle Ebanks has stated. â€Å"We don't wrinkly as early, but we care about it†. That confirms it! That statement is a pure indication that black women are just as concerned about their aging physical appearance as other ethnic groups. However, Ebanks also shed great insight on another important note; women of color are more likely to share information about beauty products by word of mouth, rather than through heavy media commentary. This in and of itself may give the impression that black women are less concerned with aging. The general theory that black women give birth at a younger age than other ethnic groups also might have a little something to do with the perception that they care less about aging (Yeo, 2001). While this may sound stilted and just outrageous, do consider the fact that if a woman gives birth to her first child by the age of 20, by the time that child is able to enter college, the mother is still at her youthful age, barely reaching 40. If this birth cycle (or similar variations of it) continues, then the mother will be able to call herself â€Å"Grandma† before she even reaches the age of 50. Although, black women who become grandmothers rather early very often feel less inclined to be concerned with aging; because they have already completed a life cycle that others take many years to establish. It could be said that as stigma of young motherhood becomes more irrelevant, so do the women's concerns about growing old. The elderly are treated with high regard and respect in the African American community. Those women who enter this â€Å"elder† phase of life early (25 to 38 years old) feel the pressure of role conflict and tension in the social support they receive(Dorthy, 2004). They perceive grand parenthood as a â€Å"tenuous† role. Those who enter grand parenthood â€Å"on time† (42 to 57 years old) have less conflict but can also feel the pressure of integrating family and occupational roles(Ada, 1998). Women in this age usually occupy a traditional family role, that â€Å"lofty† and respected position of a grandmother. She is also the nurturer and disciplinarian of children, the family historian, the hub of the family network in which decisions are made, and the convener of family events.