How to Use Dialogues in Class

How to Use Dialogues in Class Its easy to get stuck in a rut when using dialogues in class, but these teaching tools are full of potential. Here are some activities that use dialogue beyond just rote reading and parroting.   Use Dialogues to Practice Stress and Intonation Dialogues can come in handy when working on stress and intonation. Students move beyond focusing on single phonemic pronunciation issues and concentrate instead on bringing the right intonation and stress to larger structures. Students can play with meaning through stress by creating dialogues that focus on stressing individual words to clarify meaning. Use dialogues that students are familiar with so that they can focus on pronunciation rather than vocabulary, new forms, etc.Introduce students to the concept of using stress and intonation to highlight content words while brushing over function words.Ask students to highlight their dialogues by marking the content words in each of their lines.Students practice the dialogues together focusing on improving their pronunciation through stress and intonation. Base Impromptu Skits on Dialogues One of my favorite uses of shorter language function dialogues (i.e. shopping, ordering in a restaurant, etc.) for lower levels is to extend the activity by first practicing dialogues, and then asking students to act out dialogues without any help. If you are practicing a number of dialogues, you can add an element of chance by having students pick their target situation out of a hat. Provide numerous short situational dialogues for a target linguistic function. For example, for shopping students can practice exchanges of trying on clothing, asking for help, asking for a different size, paying for items, asking for a friends advice, etc.Have students practice each situation multiple times.Write each situation on a small piece of paper.Students choose a situation randomly and act it out on the spot without any dialogue cues. Extend Dialogues to full Blown Productions Some situational dialogues just call out for full blown productional values. For example, when practicing modal verbs of deduction using a dialogue to make suppositions about what might have happened makes a perfect scenario for practice. Students can begin with a dialogue to get the gist of a scenario, and then let their imaginations take over. Introduce target structure in class. Good structures for longer skits include: conditional forms, reported speech, modal verbs of deduction, speculating about the future, imagining a different past (past modal verbs of deduction).Provide a dialogue with targeted structure as inspiration.Divide the class up into smaller groups, each in the group should have a role.Using the dialogue as a model, students should create their own longer multiple person skit.Students practice and then perform for the rest of the class. Paraphrase Dialogues Paraphrasing dialogues can help students focus on related structures. Begin slowly by asking students to substitute or paraphrase shorter forms. End with more extended dialogues. Provide short dialogues to students and ask them paraphrase shorter phrases. For example, if the dialogue asks for suggestions with a phrase such as Lets go out tonight, students should be able to come up with Why dont we go out tonight, How about going out for a night on the town, etc.Hand out a few different dialogues, ask students to read the dialogue and then create another dialogue on the fly without using the same exact words. Students can take a look at the original lines, but must use other words and phrases.Ask students to read a dialogue to another pair. This pair in turn attempts to repeat the dialogue through paraphrase. As a variation to this exercises for lower level classes, students can expand their use of a wider variety of vocabulary and expressions by using gap fill dialogues. Students still have the structure of the dialogues to hold on to, but must fill in the gaps for the dialogues to make sense.

Types of Financial Aid for Graduate Students

Types of Financial Aid for Graduate Students There are several different types of financial aid available to graduate students. If eligible, you can receive more than one type of aid. Most students get a combination of grants and loans. Some students may receive scholarships in addition to grants and loans. There are multiple sources of funding for graduate students. Graduate students usually finance their education through fellowships and assistantships in addition to grants and loans. In order to prevent using your own money for school, consider the various options and apply for various government and private aid. Grants: Grants are gifts that you do not need to repay. There are several different types of grants available to students. Students may receive grants from the government or through private sources of funding. Usually, government grants are given to students with need, such as having a low household income. However, government grants require students to maintain a specific GPA throughout their academic career in order to continue to receive aid. Private grants usually come in the form of scholarships and have their own guidelines. The amount being offered varies for each individual based on different criteria. In graduate school, grants can be used towards, travel, research, experiments, or projects. Scholarships Scholarships are awards given to students based on academic excellence and/or talent. Additionally, students may receive scholarships based on other factors, such as ethnic background, field of study, or financial need. Scholarships vary in their amounts and the number of years given aid. For example, they can be awarded a one-time payment or receive aid annually for a certain number of years (Ex/ $1000 scholarship vs. $5000 per year for four years). Like a grant, students do not need to pay back the money awarded in a scholarship. Scholarships can be awarded through your school or through private sources. Institutions offer various scholarships based on merit, talent, and/or need. Contact your school for a list of scholarships being offered to students. Private scholarships are offered through organizations or companies. Some organizations make students compete for awards through performance or essay writing, whereas some look for students that fit specific requirements and standards. You can search for private scholarships on the internet, through online scholarship search engines (e.g. FastWeb), scholarship books, or by contacting your school. Fellowships Fellowships are granted to graduate and post-grad students. They are like scholarships and, similarly, do not require repayment. Fellowships are awarded by private organizations, institutions, or through the government. Fellowships vary in the amount being awarded and can be used either towards research or education. Students can be given a 1- to 4-year stipend with or without a tuition waiver. The type of fellowship awarded is based on merit, need, and the institutions/facultys grant. Some schools allow you to directly apply for fellowships offered through the schools. However, some schools only award fellowships to students who have been recommended by a faculty member. Assistantships Assistantships are similar to internships or work-study programs awarded during your undergraduate years. However, assistantships require students to usually work as assistant teachers (TA), research assistants (RA), assistants to professors, or perform other duties on campus. The amount awarded through assistantships varies based on faculty/institution grants or state or federal aid. Research positions are paid through grants and teaching positions are paid through the institution. The research and teaching positions acquired are in your field of study or department. TAs usually teach introductory-level courses and RAs assist faculty in conducting laboratory work. Every school and department has their own regulations and requirements for TAs and RAs. Contact your department for more information. Loans A loan is money that is awarded to a student based on need. Unlike a grant or scholarship, loans must be repaid to the institution that it is received from (government, school, bank, or private organization). There are several types of loans that are available. The different loans vary in the amount you can borrow, in their requirements, interest rates, and repayment plans. Individuals who are not eligible for government loans may receive loans through private organizations. Private companies have their own qualifications, interest rates, and repayment plans. Many banks offer private student loans specifically for college students. However, private companies are believed to have higher interest rates and stricter guidelines.

Individual analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Individual analysis - Essay Example In addition, role fulfillment among each member will aid in attaining his or her essential goals. Based on my experience while working on the assigned tasks, I learnt there are principles of membership dynamics that are essential in a group work. For instance, I realized that every participant is equally responsible for the entire group’s success and good interaction amongst members. Therefore, each participant ought to ensure there is good communication amongst all the members. This is by availing required responses, participating in decision making as well as making discussion times livelier. Hence, ensuring there is no participant who lags behind due to his or her poor academic performance limitations (Weimer, 2013). In addition, group work can be extremely emotional especially if participants emanate from different races, ethnic backgrounds or religions. Therefore, leaders who are not in control of their emotions and choice of words end up being a stumbling block to the gr oup’s enthusiasm especially if they are not apologetic (Weimer, 2013). During group work, I learnt that a leader ought to emphasize on the importance of meeting as well as setting deadlines without any excuses amongst its members. This norm will always keep participants successful in every task they tackle. Besides, I believe when every member in a group feels psychologically safe and does not look down upon him or herself, their participation levels gradually increases. However, in many social settings such as group works, members have little concern about psychological safety of all their fellow participants. This influences their participation negatively because some may start feeling inferior; hence fail to participate in discussion as necessitated. Therefore, every member bears the responsibility of ensuring his or her fellow participants feel psychologically secure throughout the discussion period (Weimer, 2013). For instance, participants should avoid ridicule or sarca sm towards their peers because this may negatively affect their confidence and desire to participate in the group. During group work, I learnt each member ought to have a self-driven purpose in producing both good and quality work in every task they undertake. I also believe participants ought to foster good relationships amongst themselves and beyond to achieve proper results. Hence, aid in developing both trust and dependability among themselves by making discussions very interesting. Leadership is a process through which an individual, organization or group positively influences other people to achieve already set objectives (Northouse, 2011). In addition, it directs an organization or company in a cohesive and coherent manner towards achieving their goals (Northouse, 2011). For one to be a leader, he or she acquires power through four varied ways, which include legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and reverend (Northouse, 2011). Effective leaders understand risks and benefits, w hich each type of power embodies and try to use them appropriately to attain firm’s set goals. In many circumstances, leaders do not have any great influence on the success of a certain group but the will of the followers automatically leads to positive success in any situation. Many leaders acquire leadership skills and knowledge from schools or other settings (Rojas & Alvarez, 2012). However, these

Apoptosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Apoptosis - Research Paper Example In an average human being almost 50 to 70 billion cells and in a child about 20 billion to 30 billion are damaged and they die due to apoptosis in a single day. It is not just a biological phenomena , all the defective apoptotic processes are linked with a lot of other diseases and also an excess of apoptosis can lead to atrophy and if the amount is less or insufficient , it can cause cancer which is due to cell proliferation (Al-Rubeai, Mohamed, and Martin Fussenegger,2004). Discovery and Etymology The process was initially described in 1842 by Carl Vogt and during the year 1885 Walther Flemming was the person who in more detail described this programmed cell death process. The difference between other traumatic cell deaths and apoptosis was identified by John Foxton Ross who was with University of Queensland at that time. There is a lot of work done by various people from Sydney Bernner, John E Sulston and even Horvitz who received Nobel prize during the year 2000 for their own apo ptosis. Apoptosis is basically a multi path and multi step death program of the cells which is inherited in all the cells of the body. During the process of cancer, the cell division ratio is altered. The word apoptosis is taken from a Greek word which means the â€Å"dropping off† of the leaves and petals from the trees and also plants. The term was reintroduced by Professor Cormack of Greek language for medical usage. Process Different range and variety of cell signals control the process of apoptosis which originates intracellular and sometimes even extracellular signals. The extracellular signals include hormones, nitric oxide, hormones, cytokines and also various growth factors which are transduced through the effect of a response and sometimes crossed through the plasma membrane. These signals can have negative and also positive impact on the apoptosis. There are positive and also negative inductions, when the active repression and also inhibition of apoptosis occurs th rough a molecule that is negative induction; where as the triggering and binding of the apoptosis through molecule is the positive induction. Stress is the major factor which makes the cell initiate intracellular apoptotic signaling which causes cell suicide. Various factors results in regulating apoptosis, which include poly ADP ribose polymerase. The cell death is caused through the enzymes and before that there are apoptotic signals which enable the regulatory proteins to instigate the pathway of apoptosis. Mitochondrial regulation Mitochondria are important and crucial factor linked with the multi cellular life because in its absence the cell is ceased and thus it will not be able to respire aerobically and it will quickly die. This is the major cause of the apoptotic pathways. Mitochondria is targeted by the apoptotic proteins in various ways which can cause the swelling of mitochondria which causes the formation of the membrane pores and they also increase the mitochondrial me mbrane permeability and it can also be a major reason of leaking out of the apoptotic factors. Apoptosis is activated through the nitric oxide which initiates the possible action of a signal molecule linked with the succeeding pathway.

Candide Characters Essay Example for Free

Candide Characters Essay In Candide, the character called Pangloss is believed to be a parody of philosophers who spent their time idly wondering about the world or debating points that have no real significance to life situations.   For instance, Pangloss keeps on saying that the world is good despite all of the misfortunes that have befallen him. Many experts believe that Voltaire was also making fun at G.W. von Leibniz, a seventeenth-century philosopher who was part of a greater movement called theodicy.   This school of thought explains that evil exists in the world because they serve particular purposes.    That even if the world is perfect because it was created by a perfect God, it is necessary to allow evil to happen.   Its clear that Voltaire does not believe, like how philosophers did, that there is an inherent goodness in everything and that everything happens for a reason, even the bad ones. Setting: The nobility of France In this play, the setting could be defined as the society, which is present at that time.   In other words, some members of the nobility of France were part of Candides life, like Cunegonde and her brother.   One example wherein Voltaire poked fun at this class is when he related that the barons sister didnt marry Candides father because he only had seventy-one noble lineages. Action: Jacques Death Jacques, a good man who helped Candide and Pangloss, fell on a turbulent sea as he was rescuing a sailor.   The sailor, instead of helping Jacques to get back to the ship ignored the poor man, which resulted to his death.   In this example, it would seem that Voltaire is parodying the Christian preaching of good overcoming evil.   Here, Jacques did a good deed and was a good man but he died because of it.   To add to the mockery, Pangloss even said that the sea outside Lisbon was specifically created so that Jacques could drown in it. Works Cited Arouet, Francois-Marie.   Candide by Voltaire. Courier Dover Publications, 1991. Ward, Selena, and Jaffee, Valerie.   Candide.   Sparknotes Home Page.   21 July 2008 http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/candide/index.html

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Sir Gawain Green Knight Essay

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight The poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight tells the tale of one of King Arthur’s bravest and noblest knights, Sir Gawain. The author spins this magical tale of heroism and adventure over the course of one year. During this year, the hero Sir Gawain undergoes a serious alteration of character. When Bertilak enters King Arthur’s court as the mysterious green knight, he sets Sir Gawain’s destiny in motion. Change, especially spiritual transformation, is a common thread running through the poem. The poet depicts Bertilak as somewhat Godlike, and Bertilak plays a significant role in Sir Gawain’s spiritual transformation, through which he becomes more like Christ. Bertilak first introduces himself by making an astonishing entrance into King Arthur’s court. The poet describes the appearance of the Green Knight thus: â€Å"†¦There hurtles in at the hall-door an unknown rider, / One the greatest on ground in growth of his frame: / †¦Half a giant on earth I hold him to be† (l. 136-140). His forcefulness and size are the aspects of him that the poet first describes; however, the fact that the huge knight is entirely green from head to toe amazes the court more. The author notes that, â€Å"Great wonder grew in hall / At his hue most strange to see, / For man and gear and all / Were green as green could be† (l. 147-150). The color green here may symbolize spiritual growth, although green sometimes suggests evil in literature. The Green Knight was especially fascinating because his physical appearance, as well as his apparent immortality demonstrated that he had supernatural qualities, and therefore was not entirely of this world. Throughout Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the poet port... ... depicted Bertilak, sometimes the Green Knight, with Godlike characteristics and supernatural qualities. At different times in the poem, Bertilak represents the wise, just, godly master of the castle, and is sometimes transformed into the mystical Green Knight. Both characters are essential for Sir Gawain’s transformation, which Bertilak manipulates freely. In a Christ-like sacrifice, Sir Gawain learns of his weaknesses, and experiences the process of spiritual absolution. In this poem, Bertilak, whom the author has granted supernatural characteristics, facilitates Sir Gawain’s spiritual journey for truth and complete transformation. Works Cited â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.† The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 8th ed. Ed. Alfred David, James Simpson. Vol. A. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.: 2006. 3 vols. 162-213.

Health: Obesity and Overall Personal Feelings

The health/nutrition problem that I will be targeting will be my weight. The other problems will be affected by the weight which would be blood pressure, risk of getting diabetes, low energy, depression, etc. Four nutritional or physical exercise goals that I have are to lose at least 100 pounds, lower blood pressure, increase energy and confidence and lower risk of obtaining any other health problems such as diabetes. The actions that will be taken to meet each goal are to obtain a membership to an exercise facility, obtain a membership with a trainer, and work with trainer on an exercise plan and a nutritional plan as well. The anticipated setbacks or difficulties and approaches for overcoming them are the temptations to eating unhealthy foods in which I will remove myself from the situation so those temptations will not be available, loss of interest when it comes to actually going to working out either alone or with trainer in which I will change plan slightly to keep motivated enough to keep going. What I see as outcomes by which to measure success is the way that clothes are fitting will help determine the success of weight loss and weigh-in once a week to determine weight loss success. Evidence of the Plan’s effectiveness in addressing the identified problem or need will be the main piece of evidence in which will be my overall personal feelings and looks after goal is reached. Evaluation of potential health risks that may develop if the plan is not implemented is if I don’t follow through with this goal of losing the weight needed in order to improve my health then the risks involved could be higher blood pressure, end up diabetes, possible heart attack, depression worsens, etc. There are many different ways that my plan may be adjusted if there is a time when I am not physically capable of following through. I could step down the cardio workouts that I am currently on now. At this time I do between 30 to 45 minutes cardio Monday through Friday in the early morning before work. After working a full eight hours on my feet at work I then do an hour walk home. In the past when I was having abdominal pains I would remove the walk home from work.

Parent-Child Relationship Essay

The relationship between parents and their children is perhaps one of the most important relationships among human beings. The relationship between parents and their children can determine the personal growth of children as it can likewise influence the behavioral adjustments needed on the part of parents in order to meet the emotional needs of their children. Max Apple’s â€Å"Bridging† highlights how fathers oftentimes desire to fill the void left after the death of their wives just to allow their children to recover from the loss and have their lives return to normal. Chapter Six of Art Spiegelman’s Maus offers a glimpse of how children tend to draw hatred towards their fathers for attempting to erase the memories of their mothers. Lastly, Jing-mei Woo’s â€Å"Two Kinds† in The Joy Luck Club features the story of her childhood under the pressure of her mother to chase the American Dream. All of these stories emphasize the relationship between parents and their children and its effects on the personal development of children and the struggles that parents have to face in raising their children. In â€Å"Bridging,† Max Apple tells the story of a widowed father who struggles to persuade her daughter, Jessica, to trust the world after the death of her mother. In an attempt to bring her daughter back to her original emotional state, her father tries to convince her to join the Girl Scouts. However, this first step eventually fails and her father decides to join the Girl Scouts as an assistant leader, hoping that his decision is a good starting point to bring back her daughter’s trust in the world. The story is essentially about how a widowed father is given the chance to accept the necessarily â€Å"changed† relationship with his daughter. Apple’s â€Å"Bridging† explores the parent-child relationship theme primarily from the angle of having to survive a family tragedy for the rest of their lives. Apparently, the father faces the task of serving both as the father and the mother of his daughter. It is perhaps a huge task since he has to at least persuade his daughter that he can also play a motherly image in the hopes of patching up the holes in their family left after the death of his wife. Without a mother, his daughter is deprived of the chance to grow-up under the guidance of two parents. That being the case, there is reason to believe that the father is forced by the circumstances to live-up to the expectations of his 9-year-old daughter, which is exactly why he tried to join the Girl Scouts as an assistant leader. The difficulties of the father in the story, or of any father for that matter, are perhaps more intricate if the daughter is closer to her mother than her father. The father will certainly encounter the trouble of trying to fit the motherly needs of the daughter no matter the costs are. In Chapter 6 of Art Spiegelman’s Maus, husband and wife, Vladek and Anja, respectively, are trying to sneak their way back to Sosnowiec. Art’s father recalls his experience together with Anja while trying to escape from the Nazis. One interesting part of the story is when Vladek burned the diaries of Anja after her death. They contained some of the most important memories of Art’s mother and yet, as things turned out, they were no longer available for him to read and learn more about her. Even though Art was growing getting closer to Vladek during Art’s visits to his father, that recollection—the burning of Anja’s diaries—made Art infuriated at his father. It signifies how a father’s child is suffering a great loss at not being able to learn more about his mother, which is made al the more poignant by what Vladek could only remember from the diary: a sentence that says her son would one day be interested in the contents of the diary and read them. Reading the diary of a person is like reliving the life of that person in many ways. Art could have learned more about Anja after reading her diaries and, in turn, learning more about his history and his self. However, the act of burning the diaries is like an act of â€Å"murder† precisely because Vladek destroyed the remaining memories of Anja, turning her into a barely known human being sought by the one person in this world who feels that she is more than everything in life. The predicament between Vladek and Art relays how the act of depriving a child of the memories of her mother can cast a sharp divide in the relationship of a father and his child to the point of calling the father a â€Å"murderer†. In Jing-mei Woo’s â€Å"Two Kinds† in Amy Tan’s The Joy Luck Club, two essential themes come into view: the American dream and the tension between mother and daughter in reaching for that dream. The mother, Mrs. Woo, firmly believes that diligence can eventually lead her daughter to reaching the American dream. However, it is apparent that Jing-mei is not interested at all in pursuing that dream. Her disinterest in pursuing the dream that her mother wants her to attain is best summed up in her expression â€Å"[t]hen I wish I wasn’t your daughter. I wish you weren’t my mother† (Woo, p. 142) after finally breaking her emotions for saying what she wanted to say all along, which is that she does not want to be the daughter her mother is hoping her to become. Jing-mei Woo’s differences with her mother rest on the conflict of their personal interests. The fact that her mother wants Jing-mei to realize her potential in claiming the American dream is the main reason of their misunderstandings as mother and daughter. Their case puts emphasis on the relationship strains caused by no less than differences in personal desires. At first, Jing-mei was still able to tolerate her mother’s deep desires for her and she complied with her mother’s requests despite showing lack of enthusiasm. Their Chinese culture apparently shows in the initial sections of the story, highlighting the two kinds of daughters that Chinese mothers may have: â€Å"those who are obedient and those who follow their own mind† (Woo, p. 142). Towards the end of the story, Jing-mei tries to retrace her memories with her deceased mother by playing the piano. Her act shows that no matter how deep the disagreements may be between parents and their children, there will come a time when the child will eventually learn to appreciate the value of what their parents have always wanted for them to achieve. All of the stories share the common theme of parent-child relationships. These stories teach us that the relationship between parents and their children can influence the perception of these children as they grow into adults. Moreover, parents likewise face the task of addressing the emotional needs of their children in order to ensure their welfare. Personal losses and desires of parents to ensure a better future for their children both play a critical role in shaping the harmonious relationship between children and parents. Works Cited Apple, Max. â€Å"Bridging. † Free Agents. Harper & Row, 1984. Spiegelman, Art. Maus I: A Survivor’s Tale: My Father Bleeds History. Pantheon, 1986. Woo, Jing-mei. â€Å"Two Kinds. † The Joy Luck Club. Ed. Amy Tan: Penguin, 2006. 142.

Secularism, fundamentalism and Sectarianism as causes of war Essays

Secularism, fundamentalism and Sectarianism as causes of war Essays Secularism, fundamentalism and Sectarianism as causes of war Essay Secularism, fundamentalism and Sectarianism as causes of war Essay Secularism is a term used to mean that certain issues or practices of religious nature should exist separately from other public or private settings.   Therefore, in this argument, it entails a matter of promoting secular ideas in public and private settings. In other words, it can be said that it is a way of avoiding to impose a religious belief to the citizens of a country by the government, especially in a neutral state. In fundamentalism, it is a religious movement that primarily believes and professing completely in the bible. They support reading of the bible and strictly following what has been read to the latter. The followers of this message believe that acceptance of the message means a virtue in life and to have eternal life in heaven, and rejection of the message implies leading to path that will take one to be tortured in hell. When talking about sectarianism, it is a strong devotion to a particular kind of religious sect that makes followers to prejudice other religions. This is because of the strong belief and trust in their religion being the only correct to be followed. Therefore, the issues of secularism, fundamentalism and sectarianism, have had various conflicts on different nations or among citizens of the same nation leading to war due to different believes that people hold. For instance, India and Pakistan have completely irreconcilable definition of the ideological bases of the state On the one hand, the earlier ideology of the INC carried over into the construction of the Indian state with the political system placed firmly on a constitutional framework of secularism. On the other hand, the state of Pakistan although certainly not designed to be a theocracy owned its very existence to the concept that religion can (and should) serve as the basis for political sovereignty and political identity The competing states ‘upped the ante’ for the two states when it came to territorial disputes, (Cashman Robinson 2007 pp 216). Pakistan’s aim was to prove that religion could be a legitimate source of state identity. For India, if Bangladesh’s successful guest for independence from Pakistan meant prove of religious based state legitimacy, then it could have brought an interest superiority of the secular culture. (Cashman Robinson 2007 pp 216). And if Kashmir had integrated into India, it would have led to reinforcement of the triumph of secularism over religious particularism. These two religious states therefore had a strong struggle to win the inspiring of their ideologies on Kashmir and thus led to unending struggle. Therefore, by â€Å"permitting Pakistan to absorb Kashmir would have signaled the triumph of one ideology and the defeat of the other. By acquiescing in Kashmir’s conquest, India would have for all practical purposes conceded Pakistan’s claim to the loyalty of all Muslims in the sub-continent† (Cashman Robinson, 2007 pp 216). These conflicts continued and in 1967, Pakistan launched war against India. These attack although were utter failure, as India had anticipated war and thus had her military ready. â€Å"As a result of the war, Bangladesh gained its long sought independence. A desperately poor but very proud country, Bangladesh jealously guarded its sovereignty and independence in the face of India pressure to accept the role of a quasi-client state of India’s (Cashman Robinson, 2007 pp 263). There have been fights in various nations also as a result of fundamentalism ideologies. This was experienced in the war of the Iraqis and the Iranians. The Iraqis were against the fundamentalism ideas of the Iranians. There were also â€Å"other Arab states in the region [who] felt equally threatened by Islamic fundamentalism in Iran†, (Cashman Robinson, pp 280). These threats made countries like the Saudi Arabia and Iraq to cooperate so as to counter the fundamentalism threat from Iran. This cooperation led to the invasion of Iran in 1980 by the Iraqis with the support from the Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. The Iraqi government was opposed to the Shi’a Muslims in Iran and this was the cause for the conflictual interaction between the two states. The Iraq government used several ways of cracking down the Shi’a political activities in Iran. For instance, there was the crack down of the Shi’a leaders and the other and the dissident members of al Daawa. On the other hand the Shi’a Masses were offered with economic enticement and development assistance so as they can change their religious stand. Finally, war broke out between Iran and Iraq. Iraq spearheaded her war against Iran by destroying the air capabilities of Iran.   Iraq bombed 10 airfields of Iran, while Iran was only able to respond with two divisions of its own, (Cashman Robinson, 2007 pp 291). Religions identity has a big influence on people’s life. It gives the believers a sense of belonging to a community, defining a pattern of belief and morals. These religious identities can at a time cause problems. It can be used for justifying sectarianism and in the extreme violence and ethnic cleansings (Crawford Rositter, 2006 pp 193). England is one country that experienced conflict arising due to those who believe in catholic ideologies, Protestants and Dissenters. According to Marshal (2006), Hostility towards protestant dissenters was especially strong against Baptists, repeatedly excoriated as Anabaptists and against Quakers who were seen as having turned the world upside down in the revolution by their challenges to hierarchies in family church and state by refusal of oaths, address to others as ‘thee’ and ‘thou’, allowance of preaching against luxury and corruption†, (Pp 95). There were laws that were passed to deal with non conformity which saw many dissenters being fined, imprisoned and become financially ruined. The laws also led to many Protestants and dissenters being killed for their faith. In the end, it led to rebellious acts by the Protestants, which erupted to civil wars and revolutions against the catholic rule. For instance, in the seventh century, the Protestants took up arms against their ruler in significant part on the basis of a perceived religious duty to reform the religion of the church of England from its allegedly ‘heretical’ tendencies to ‘popery’ and ‘Arminism’ leading to a teeming liberty of protestant sectarianism and execution of their king, Charles I† (Marshal, 2006 pp266). Rulers of other nations also who become protestants were excommunicated by the pope, deported and assassinated. Therefore, looking at secularism, fundamentalism and sectarianism, it is neither possible nor easy to say that the war will end or is nearly ending. This is because there are still many fights taken place all over the world, despite the enlightenment in the current society. For instance, the current fundamentalism of the Muslim religion is being felt all over the world. The war in Iraq, Lebanon, India and parts of Africa are a clear sign of the unending war. The current war among different human communities is not only for materialistic gain as happened with the World War I II and the cold war. But it is a war that represents spiritual self-defeat of man .As Horowitz (2007) argues, â€Å"as long as Christian values remain in the shadows of scientific advance, peace will be impossible to reach, secularism is the ultimate heresy the root cause of war†, (pp28). It has also been argued that the intervention of the war that has been going in countries like Iraq by the united state has due to taking advantage of the historic sectarian differences. Taras (2006) argued that â€Å"western intervention in Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq were intervention in states with pre existing ethnic and sectarian cleavages†, (Para. 3). Also the unending war is culminated by the various stands of different groups of fundamentalists. For instance, as â€Å"most self described Christian fundamentalists are united by their agreement on the nine principles that first defined the movement, Sunni and Shi’a fundamentalist have shared few theological or political principles†, (Levine 2007, Para 9). Levine still explains that â€Å"al- Qaeda’s leadership seeks to unite all Muslims and establish a government, which follow the rule of Caliphs The only way to establish the caliphate is by force†, (Para 10). This means that the al â₠¬â€œQaeda has to overthrow all the Muslim governments and abolish the state boundaries. In such a case, there shall never be end to these wars, as each group will be standing its ground. nbsp;

The Present Participle in English

The Present Participle in English A present participle is a  verb form  (or verbal)- made by adding -ing to the base- that often functions as an adjective. Present participles are the only verb forms that are completely regular. The present participle (also known as the -ing form) is used with a form of the auxiliary be to express the progressive aspect. For a discussion of the differences between present participles and gerunds (both of which end in -ing), see gerunds. Examples and Observations The hotel were staying in is super deluxe, and we have a working television set.(Cristina Garcia, I Wanna Be Your Shoebox. Simon Schuster, 2008)The Mole had been working very hard all the morning.(Kenneth Grahame, The Wind in the Willows, 1908Working in shifts, we get the grave dug by early afternoon and return to the bunkhouse.(Guy Vanderhaeghe, The Englishmans Boy. McClelland Stewart., 1996Im looking for something in an attack dog. One who likes the sweet gamey tang of human flesh.(Mr. Burns in The Simpsons, 1992Looking back you realize that a very special person passed briefly through your lifeand that person was you. It is not too late to find that person again.(attributed to Robert Brault)And standing on the sidelines during those first games were the veterans, holding the spaldeens, bouncing them, smelling them in an almost sacramental way.(Pete Hamill, A Drinking Life, 1994When suffering comes, we yearn for some sign from God, forgetting we have just had one.(Mignon McLaughl in, The Complete Neurotics Notebook. Castle Books, 1981 I drive through the electric gates of a three-acre estate, passing landscaped gardens before I pull up in front of a neocolonial mansion, parking beside a Bentley, two Porsches and a Lamborghini Spyder. Moonsamy, wearing jeans and a T-shirt, is waiting for me at the door.(Joshua Hammer, Inside Cape Town. Smithsonian, April 2008Their hair in curlers and their heads wrapped in loud scarves, young mothers, fattish in trousers, lounge about in the speed-wash, smoking cigarettes, eating candy, drinking pop, thumbing magazines, and screaming at their children above the whir and rumble of the machines.(William Gass, In the Heart of the Heart of the CountryAlthough we have traditionally thought of the participle as an adjectival (and that is certainly its more common role), some participles and participial phrases clearly have an adverbial function, providing information of time, place, reason, and manner, as other adverbials do.(Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar. A llyn and Bacon, 1998 Walking through Sherwood Forest at sunset, we could feel an air of mystery, as if the ancient trees had a story to tell, if only we could hear.(Winsoar Churchill, Robin Hoods Merry England. British Heritage, April 1998Standing near the door, we dipped our fingers in the holy water, crossed and blessed ourselves, and proceeded up to the sleeping-room, in the usual order, two by two.(Maria Monk . . . StandingIn the shoes of indecision, I hear themCome up behind me and go on ahead of meWearing boots, on crutches, barefoot, they could neverGet together on any door-sill or destination- (W.S. Merwin, Sire. The Second Four Books of Poems. Copper Canyon Press, 1993 Whats the Difference Between a Gerund and a Present Participle? Both of these -ing forms are verbals. A gerund functions as a noun:  Laughing is good for you.  A present participle functions as an adjective: The old laughing lady dropped by to call Usage Advice: Not Simultaneous Not Simultaneous. The misuse of the present participle is a common structural sentence-fault for beginning writers. Putting his key in the door, he leapt up the stairs and got his revolver out of the bureau. Alas, our hero couldnt do this even if his arms were forty-feet long. This fault shades into Ing Disease, the tendency to pepper sentences with words ending in -ing, a grammatical construction which tends to confuse the proper sequence of events. (Attr. Damon Knight) (Bruce Sterling, A Workshop Lexicon. Paragons: Twelve Master Science Fiction Writers Ply Their Crafts, ed. by Robin Wilson. St. Martins Press, 1997 Time and the Present Participle The problem of teaching the participle is certainly not simplified by the fact that this term is obviously a misnomer. The student, accustomed to present tenses which indicate present time, and past tenses which indicate past time, cannot comprehend the sophistry of a present participle which indicates now present, now past, now future time. . . . Why insist on calling the participle in -ing present no matter what time it happens to be indicating? (Karl G. Pfeiffer, The Present Participle- A Misnomer. The English Journal, 1931) Also Known As: active, imperfect, or -ing participle

Googles Organisation Culture, Power and Control Essay

Googles Organisation Culture, Power and Control - Essay Example According to the report  Google Inc. is a US based company headquartered at Mountain View, California. It was founded in the year 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. They were students at Stanford University then. Google is specialised in online advertising and internet searching. It became a public company in 2004. The mission statement of Google is: â€Å"Google’s mission is to organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful†.From this discussion it is clear that  Google is well known for its unconventional, informal, and distinct organisational culture. Organisational culture can actually be thought of or analysed at three different levels, namely Artefacts, Espoused Values, and Beliefs and the Basic Assumptions. The main belief of Google is that its organisational structure and its associated values are the representatives of spirits, assumptions, beliefs, performances, and attitudes followed by the employees of the company. Integrity of the values of the Google’s employees, which include commitment and loyalty, is an important aspect of the Google’s culture. This results in Google trying to create an organisational culture which is innovative in nature so as to provide motivational incentives for its employees to achieve the goals and objectives of the company.  For Google’s employees, money is not as important as their passion to work for the company. Everyone enjoys and feels happy about working for Google.